{"id":575,"date":"2020-02-18T21:27:21","date_gmt":"2020-02-18T21:27:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/football-research\/?p=575"},"modified":"2020-02-18T21:32:42","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T21:32:42","slug":"hacked-off-man-city-fall-foul-of-the-financial-fair-play-regulations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/football-research\/hacked-off-man-city-fall-foul-of-the-financial-fair-play-regulations\/","title":{"rendered":"Hacked off: Man City fall foul of the Financial Fair Play regulations"},"content":{"rendered":"

18 February 2020<\/h4>\n

Hacked off: Man City fall foul of the Financial Fair Play regulations<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

On Friday, like most residents of the United Kingdom on the eve of storm Dennis, Manchester City had braced themselves for an impending bomb cyclone. It came in the form of the UEFA<\/span>\u2019s Club Financial Control Body (CFCB<\/span>), who banned Manchester City from all UEFA<\/span> club competitions for two years and also fined the club \u20ac30m (\u00a325m). Even though the club had previously agreed to a settlement agreement with CFCB<\/span> in 2014 for a breach of the Financial Fair Play (FFP<\/span>) regulation, alleged overspending, bloated sponsorship agreements, and falsification of records (revealed via a cache of hacked emails) led to the current\u00a0ban.<\/p>\n

What is\u00a0FFP<\/span>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

With clubs consistently reporting financial losses and facing the risk of insolvency due to over-investment in the acquisition of players, UEFA<\/span> introduced FFP<\/span> in 2009 as a measure to improve the financial health of football clubs and promote sustainability. The break-even requirement (BER<\/span>) is the cornerstone of FFP<\/span>. For a club to pass the BER<\/span> test, its relevant expenses must not exceed relevant income by \u20ac5m over a three year monitoring period. Relevant income and expenses refer to football-related and club operating income and expenses, respectively. UEFA<\/span> included a leeway that allows a maximum of \u20ac30m in losses with the caveat that the owners inject equivalent equity contribution. The BER<\/span> attempts to force clubs to live within their means, rather than depend on wealthy\u00a0owners.<\/p>\n

Criticisms of\u00a0FFP<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The purpose of FFP<\/span>, as explicitly highlighted by UEFA<\/span>, is financial. Though conspicuously omitted from the core aims of the FFP<\/span>, competitive balance, implied by the inclusion of \u201cfair\u201d in the terminology of the regulation, is seen in the football industry as an essential objective and by-product of\u00a0FFP<\/span>.<\/p>\n

The BER<\/span> appears to solidify the position of big clubs. Living within a club\u2019s means prevents smaller clubs from accessing external funding for investments in players. On the other hand, big clubs whose previous footballing success has made their brands attractive for sponsorship deals worth millions, have more financial clout to buy the best\u00a0players.<\/p>\n

Another criticism of FFP<\/span> is the possibility of circumvention by clubs due to ambiguity contained within the regulation. Firstly, Annex X (f) of the FFP<\/span> regulation prohibits the inclusion of income from transactions with related parties, which are above fair value in the break-even calculation. The question is, what would represent fair value for a sponsorship agreement between Jeep and Juventus, Qatar Tourism Authority and Paris Saint Germain or Etihad and Man City? Though UEFA<\/span>, using global marketing experts assesses the fair value of related party transactions, the intangible aspect of agreements remains challenging to determine. Potentially this is an avenue for owners to provide financial support above the stipulated\u00a0threshold.<\/p>\n

The Manchester City\u00a0case<\/strong><\/p>\n

Even though Manchester City\u2019s annual accounts showed losses of about \u00a3150m for the first monitoring period of FFP<\/span>, the club believed they had complied with the BER<\/span>. Blaming \u201dfundamental differences\u201d in the club\u2019s and UEFA<\/span>\u2019s interpretation of the regulation, Manchester City reluctantly agreed to a two-year player wage and registration restriction and a \u20ac60m fine (\u20ac40m to be returned on meeting certain\u00a0conditions)<\/p>\n

\"Graph<\/figure>\n

These figures represent players salaries and bonuses between 2005 and 2018. There was a break in consecutive years of growth between 2014 and 2016. The break coincides with UEFA<\/span> imposing spending limits on Manchester City. Data from Companies House\u00a0records.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Graph<\/figure>\n

These figures represent fees for transfer fees paid for the acquisition of players between 2005 and 2018. Data from Companies House\u00a0records.<\/em><\/p>\n

Five years after the settlement agreement, CFCB<\/span>\u2019s Investigatory Chamber announced a formal investigation of Manchester City for breaching the BER<\/span> in the first monitoring period. In a series of leaked internal emails and documents circulated by the German news magazine, Der Spiegel, Manchester City allegedly altered sponsorship agreements with companies linked with the club\u2019s owner, Sheikh\u00a0Mansour.<\/p>\n

\"Graph<\/figure>\n

Manchester City\u2019s sponsorship and advertising income (denoted as \u201ccommercial\u201d) increased by 236% between 2010 and 2016. Data from Companies House records.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

In more specific terms, the alleged correspondences show evidence that the value, and payment dates of the agreements were changed retrospectively to ensure the club complied with BER<\/span>. An executive of the club in one of the emails allegedly said, \u201cof course, we can do what we want\u201d when asked by a colleague if the club could change payment dates. For the regulator, these revelations are not only non-compliance with BER<\/span>, but fraudulent financial\u00a0reporting.<\/p>\n

Manchester City has skilfully avoided confirming or denying the veracity of the leaks. However, they have maintained that the CFCB<\/span> process is prejudiced due to its presumptive judicial process, which Manchester City argue has effectively meant guilty until proven guilty (this is not clearly understood in the UK<\/span> where the judicial expectation is innocent until proven guilty). With the CFCB<\/span> refraining from publishing full details of its judgment- due to Manchester City pursuing legal redress at the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS<\/span>)- the club\u2019s innocence or otherwise remains\u00a0blurry.<\/p>\n

The way\u00a0forward<\/strong><\/p>\n

The impasse between UEFA<\/span> and Manchester City is vital for three main reasons. Firstly, UEFA<\/span> has previously banned other clubs from its competition for repeatedly breaching the BER<\/span>. However, Manchester City\u2019s case is the first where there is an allegation of intentional submission of misleading\u00a0information.<\/p>\n

Secondly, the fact that Manchester City were given a clean bill of health for its submissions to UEFA<\/span> calls into question the adequacy of the current version of FFP<\/span>. Without the leaked emails, there would have been no\u00a0case.<\/p>\n

Finally, the lifeblood of any regulation is the legal enforcement of the sanctions that follow deviations. With the whole football world keeping a close eye on the outcome of the saga, the future of FFP<\/span> lies in the balance. If Manchester City can wriggle out of the ban, the seriousness of the regulation would be questioned. On the other hand, if indeed the club is innocent, questions would be raised about UEFA<\/span>\u2019s investigatory and prosecution\u00a0process.<\/p>\n

Mr Mobolaji Alabi and Professor Adrian Bell<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Source: Henley Business School News<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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