{"id":706,"date":"2020-11-20T22:03:56","date_gmt":"2020-11-20T22:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/football-research\/?p=706"},"modified":"2020-12-07T08:53:36","modified_gmt":"2020-12-07T08:53:36","slug":"new-journal-article-causal-effects-of-an-absent-crowd-on-performances-and-refereeing-decisions-during-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/football-research\/new-journal-article-causal-effects-of-an-absent-crowd-on-performances-and-refereeing-decisions-during-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"New Journal Article: “Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19”"},"content":{"rendered":"

Members of the Football Research Group, James Reade<\/a><\/strong> and Carl Singleton<\/a><\/strong>, have their latest research on social pressure and crowds published in Economics Letters<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/h4>\n
\n

The Covid-19 pandemic has induced worldwide natural experiments on the effects of crowds. We exploit one of these experiments that took place over several countries in almost identical settings: professional football matches played behind closed doors within the 2019\/20 league seasons. We find large and statistically significant effects on the number of yellow cards issued by referees. Without a crowd, fewer cards were awarded to the away teams, reducing home advantage. These results have implications for the influence of social pressure and crowds on the neutrality of decisions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Read more about it here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Members of the Football Research Group, James Reade and Carl Singleton, have their latest research on social pressure and crowds published in Economics Letters. 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