{"id":1076,"date":"2019-12-15T08:20:34","date_gmt":"2019-12-15T08:20:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/?p=1076"},"modified":"2019-12-17T11:26:36","modified_gmt":"2019-12-17T11:26:36","slug":"adventbotany-2019-day-15-merry-christmoss","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/15\/adventbotany-2019-day-15-merry-christmoss\/","title":{"rendered":"#AdventBotany 2019 Day 15: Merry Christmoss"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>By <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/SphagnumPI\">Charlie Campbell<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>During the darkest months of the year, it is a tradition in many cultures to bring evergreen plants inside to remind us of the coming of spring. Holly and Ivy are immortalised in song and there is the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe. There are another set of evergreen plants which as yet, do not have their own theme tune. These are of course, bryophytes.<\/p>\n<p>Across Sweden both mosses and lichens have been gathered and are now for sale in many local shops and supermarkets to decorate yule time displays.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-1076 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/15\/adventbotany-2019-day-15-merry-christmoss\/fig-1\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-169x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-1-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1078'>\n\t\t\t\tFig. 1: A bag of pleurocarpus moss for sale.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/15\/adventbotany-2019-day-15-merry-christmoss\/fig-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-169x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1079\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-2-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1079'>\n\t\t\t\tFig. 2: Bagged lichen for sale as Christmas decoration.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/15\/adventbotany-2019-day-15-merry-christmoss\/fig-3\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-169x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-3-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1080'>\n\t\t\t\tFig. 3: <i>Pleurozium schreberi<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/15\/adventbotany-2019-day-15-merry-christmoss\/fig-4\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-169x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-4-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1081'>\n\t\t\t\tFig. 4: <i>Hypnum cupressiforme<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>The moss species collected are usually large, common pleurocarps such as <em>Hypnum cupressiforme <\/em>and <em>Pleurozium schreberi . <\/em>Such species are common on rocks, trees and the forest floor of boreal areas.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, lichens of the genus <em>Cladonia<\/em> (don\u2019t ask me the species) are collected and sold as Vitmossa or white mosses. However, as at least one ecologist is keen to point out vitmossa are actually the genus <em>Sphagnum<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Det \u00e4r f\u00f6r f-n inte mossa!\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Hi6zorMyhVU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1082\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1082\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1082 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-5-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-5-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1082\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 5: moss in use around figures in this nativity scene.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This practice is not restricted to Scandinavian countries. Tan (2003) reports that in some Asian countries mosses are used both as decoration and as packaging material at Christmas time. However perhaps the most Christmassy use of mosses is as decorative material for nativity scenes. A practice reported from Europe and South America.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1083\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1083\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1083\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-6-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-6-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-6.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 6: A mossy nativity scene<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As can be seen from figures 5 and 6, in Europe, decoration of nativity scenes with moss occurs in northern and southern Europe. Large carpets of moss make suitable approximations of grasslands and forest floors.<\/p>\n<p>Lara <em>et al.<\/em> (2006) detailed the use and the species composition of 26 nativity scenes in private and public settings in Asturia, northern Spain. They interviewed the set builders about their construction asking about species choice. Across all these displays a total of 66 species were found. There were a few distinct groups of selected bryophytes:<\/p>\n<p>The four large, common mosses <em>Thuidium tamariscinum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Eurhynchium striatum <\/em>and <em>Hypnum cupressiforme <\/em>were the most frequently used species. Each occurred in at least 17 or more displays. These are common, abundant large species in many areas.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1099\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1099\" style=\"width: 297px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1099 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-7a-297x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-7a-297x300.jpg 297w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-7a-1013x1024.jpg 1013w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-7a-768x776.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-7a-1520x1536.jpg 1520w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-7a-2027x2048.jpg 2027w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 297px) 100vw, 297px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1099\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 7: &lt;i&gt;Hylocomium splendens&lt;\/i&gt;, an architectural moss for nativity scenes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A second group of more architecturally selected mosses occurred in fewer displays but were actively sought. <em>Leucobryum juniperoideum <\/em>in particular was so frequently sought that interviewees could accurately describe the ecology and form of the species despite maintaining that \u201cmoss is moss\u201d. In this architectural group were <em>Anomodon viticulosus, Ctenidium molluscum, <\/em>and <em>Hylocomium splendens (Fig 7). <\/em>Such large pleurocarpous species were used in particular places, such as gardens and edges.<\/p>\n<p>A third group contained species which were actively chosen but were either not regionally common or reflected the owners own aesthetic tastes. These included the \u201cbeautiful\u201d or \u201cwhite\u201d mosses <em>Sphagnum quinquefarium <\/em>and <em>S. subnitens<\/em> (fig 8), which are uncommon in Spain.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1085\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1085\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1085\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-8-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-8-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-8-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-8-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-8-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-8-2048x1151.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1085\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 8: <i>Sphagnum subnitens<\/i>, used for its colour and beauty<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In addition <em>Dicranum scoparium<\/em> (Fig 9)<em>, Isothecium myosuroides <\/em>and <em>Porella arboris-vitae<\/em> were used for decorative reasons.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1086\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1086\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1086\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-9-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-9-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-9-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/fig-9-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1086\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 9: <i>Dicranum scoparium<\/i> giving a tuft of bright green colour.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A final group comprised species collected accidentally with the main selections. Typically, these were smaller species that got caught up with all the excitement eg. <em>Weissia controversa.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Perhaps unsurprisingly larger nativities had a higher species diversity however; this is perhaps partly to do with where the mosses were sourced. Most nativity makers said that they sourced their mosses from walls and paths. This is likely true in the case of the smaller, privately owned displays. Such nativities contained species of anthropogenic habitats. However, the larger sets contained several species of humid forests e.g. <em>Leucobryum <\/em>or mires e.g. <em>Sphagnum<\/em>. The species used were generally abundant locally and their Christmas time harvest is unlikely to affect their populations. Significantly, there were accidental collections of rarer species. Indeed the study revealed populations of two rare Iberian species that were at the time were unknown from Asturia, <em>Dicranodontium denudatum <\/em>and <em>Plagiothecium curvifolium. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>It just goes to show Christmas gifts come in all shapes and sizes.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Lara, F., Miguel, E.S., and Mazimpaka, V., 2006. Mosses and other plants used in nativity sets: a sampling study in northern Spain. <em>Journal of Bryology<\/em>, 28 (4), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233499619_Mosses_and_other_plants_used_in_nativity_sets_A_sampling_study_in_northern_Spain\" class=\"broken_link\">374\u2013381<\/a>. DOI: <a class=\"nova-e-link nova-e-link--color-inherit nova-e-link--theme-decorated broken_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/deref\/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1179%2F174328206X152306?_sg%5B0%5D=Qjdp58yDQ3mOYeQtaeBQPmAO1yCv7G3RkEWqjBA5U6O1rQ6Vs3529XW_0YPXr7aBC3ybJKXe9EUYy9mFkFBX0wer7w.7dk30aFWsSjk7Bfl1sclfHlG5fd_dX6RABixkGINGApOWBwjzPtM_nR34yk2IIxwB8zMe_NPHjt-h44DUBttKg\">10.1179\/174328206X152306<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tan, B. C. 2003. 3. Bryophytes (mosses). In: Amoroso, V. B. and Winter, W. P. de. (eds.). Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 193-200. From the very excellent Bryophyte Ecology (<a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.mtu.edu\/bryophyte-ecology5\/\">https:\/\/digitalcommons.mtu.edu\/bryophyte-ecology5\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Advent Botany Day <a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/14\/adventbotany-2019-day-14-navitatis\/\">14<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/16\/adventbotany-2019-day-16-scent-of-a-mahonia\/\">16<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Charlie Campbell During the darkest months of the year, it is a tradition in many cultures to bring evergreen plants inside to remind us of the coming of spring&#8230;.<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#104;&#101;&#114;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#105;&#117;&#109;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#49;&#57;&#47;&#49;&#50;&#47;&#49;&#53;&#47;&#97;&#100;&#118;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#98;&#111;&#116;&#97;&#110;&#121;&#45;&#50;&#48;&#49;&#57;&#45;&#100;&#97;&#121;&#45;&#49;&#53;&#45;&#109;&#101;&#114;&#114;&#121;&#45;&#99;&#104;&#114;&#105;&#115;&#116;&#109;&#111;&#115;&#115;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":1086,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[28,27],"tags":[29,30,48],"class_list":["post-1076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-advent-botany","category-science-communication","tag-adventbotany","tag-adventbotany2019","tag-bryophytes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - 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