{"id":3020,"date":"2015-12-17T15:46:21","date_gmt":"2015-12-17T15:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/?p=3017"},"modified":"2015-12-17T15:46:21","modified_gmt":"2015-12-17T15:46:21","slug":"advent-botany-2015-day-17-sgan-tsek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2015\/12\/17\/advent-botany-2015-day-17-sgan-tsek\/","title":{"rendered":"Advent Botany 2015 – Day 17: Sgan t’sek"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Chelsey Geralda Armstrong<\/a><\/h2>\n
\"Sgan<\/a>
Sgan t’sek, native Hazelnut in the Pacific Northwest<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On Day 4<\/a> of the advent botany series this year we heard about the world\u2019s 4th<\/sup> largest nut crop, the European Hazelnut (Corylus avellena<\/em>). But, it\u2019s poorly known cousin in the Pacific Northwest of North America, the beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta<\/em>), is also a classic Christmas favourite!\u00a0 The name ‘cornuta’ means ‘horned’, appropriate for this species.<\/p>\n

\"Corylus_cornuta_fruit_5097503079ab\"<\/a>
The distinctive ‘beak’ of Corylus cornuta<\/i><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Beaked hazelnut produces a slightly smaller nut but can grow up to ten meters high. The Yurok Indigenous people of California still burn hazelnut to encourage the growth of young, straight shoots used in weaving. First Nations in British Columbia used slightly older shoots for making projectile shafts and other tools. The root was boiled to produce a blue dye, oily shells were used to keep fires burning and the nut was eaten or roasted and its oil rendered for chest and lung medicines. At one point, hazelnuts were an important currency in Southern British Columbia and a large sack of hazelnut was a typical bride price!<\/p>\n

\"Native<\/a>
Native range of Corylus cornuta<\/i>, the beaked hazelnut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Although hazelnut is considered a wild shrub, ethnobotanists have been working with Indigenous people on documenting the ancient and recent management of sg<\/u>an t\u2019sek<\/em> (hazelnut in the Gitxsan language). This \u201cwild\u201d shrub was likely managed using fire, coppicing, and was transplanted long distances \u2013 effectively creating little human-made hazelnut patches throughout Western Canada. One disjunct population in Northern British Columbia grows exclusively on old archaeological sites and in pairs, with another local favourite, native Pacific crab apple (Malus fusca<\/em>).<\/p>\n

After settler-colonial contact and widespread missionary work throughout British Columbia, a synchronicity of Indigenous practices exploded out of the resistance or adaptation to European traditions. Nlaka\u2019pamux Elder, Marion Dixon remembers sewing little bags that were stuffed with local hazelnuts, and walnuts her grandfather bought from the store. A candy was placed on top of the bag and under the tree it went, \u201cthat\u2019s all we ever got for Christmas, maybe some shoes if you were lucky.\u201d During the Christmas celebrations Marion also remembers her grandmother crushing up the nuts to make a coffee-like drink. Darlene Vegh from Gitxsan territories told us it was the children\u2019s duty to collect nuts in the fall, they would store them in the attic to let the involucres (green husk-like firs), rot off and by Christmas they were ready to go!<\/p>\n

When discussing the hazelnut harvests in Northern British Columbia, most people lament how the squirrels seem to \u201cget there first\u201d. Indeed, between August and September hazelnut groves are absolutely teeming with squirrels! When asked if the squirrels disturb his hazelnut harvest, one Gitxsan Elder replied \u201cthey don\u2019t bother me they help me!\u201d \u2013 he would wait for the squirrels to clean the involucres aggregate and bury them, then raid their caches throughout the year.<\/p>\n

So if you\u2019re looking for a fun activity over the holidays, find a nice hazelnut grove and start poking around for a hard-earned Christmas treat!<\/p>\n

Advent Botany 2015 Day 16<\/a>, Day 18<\/p>\n

Index to Advent Botany 2015<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Chelsey Geralda Armstrong On Day 4 of the advent botany series this year we heard about the world\u2019s 4th largest nut crop, the European Hazelnut (Corylus avellena). 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