{"id":5751,"date":"2020-12-12T11:39:43","date_gmt":"2020-12-12T11:39:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/?p=5751"},"modified":"2020-12-12T11:58:15","modified_gmt":"2020-12-12T11:58:15","slug":"adventbotany-2020-day-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/","title":{"rendered":"#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MegCJ88\">By Meg Cathcart-James<\/a><\/h2>\n<p>Back in 2017, I wrote an <a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2017\/12\/24\/juniperus-communis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Advent Botany article about juniper<\/a>; its links to Christmas and myriad culinary uses, including its role as the main botanical in gin. I thought it was high time we delved into the source of gin\u2019s quintessential partner \u2013 tonic water! Fantastic as this delicious mixer is, the plant that flavours it is most famous for an entirely different reason.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5752\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5752\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5752 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-674x1024.jpg\" alt=\"coloured engraving on Cinchona plant in flower\" width=\"640\" height=\"972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-674x1024.jpg 674w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-768x1166.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-1012x1536.jpg 1012w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-1349x2048.jpg 1349w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Quinine_plant_from_medicinal_plants_by_Robert_Bentley_1880._Wellcome_L0019168-scaled.jpg 1686w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5752\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quinine plant from medicinal plants by Robert Bentley, 1880. (Wellcome Library CC BY 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Cinchona officinalis <\/em>is an evergreen shrub or small tree of the family Rubiaceae, native to mountainous regions of South America and is the species usually associated with quinine however this species has low quinine yields and commercial species are usually <em>C. calisaya<\/em> and <em>C. pubescens<\/em> (Andersson, 1998; Predergast &amp; Dolle 2001). I think it\u2019s fair to say that the cinchona tree is a plant that has saved lives for centuries.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-5751 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/starr_020518-0004_cinchona_calisaya\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020518-0004_Cinchona_calisaya-225x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020518-0004_Cinchona_calisaya-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020518-0004_Cinchona_calisaya-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020518-0004_Cinchona_calisaya-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020518-0004_Cinchona_calisaya.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5754'>\n\t\t\t\t<i>Cinchona calisaya<\/i> (Forest &amp; Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/starr_020501-0048_cinchona_pubescens\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020501-0048_Cinchona_pubescens-225x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020501-0048_Cinchona_pubescens-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020501-0048_Cinchona_pubescens-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020501-0048_Cinchona_pubescens-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020501-0048_Cinchona_pubescens.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5755'>\n\t\t\t\t<i>Cinchona pubescens<\/i> (Forest &amp; Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<h3>Fever tree or Jesuit&#8217;s bark<\/h3>\n<p>Known as the \u2018fever tree\u2019 (remind you of a certain tonic water brand?), the bark has been used by natives as a medicine since time immemorial; Spanish missionaries brought it to Europe (hence the name Jesuits bark). In addition to alleviating fever, relaxing muscle spasms or cramps and relieving pain, it was also used in the treatment of the deadly disease malaria. The chemical compound responsible for the bark\u2019s medicinal capabilities, quinine, was isolated by French researchers in the early 1800\u2019s. They named it after the native Quechua word for the tree \u2013 \u2018quina-quina\u2019, meaning \u2018holy bark\u2019. Purified quinine became the standard treatment for malaria and remains an important drug in its treatment to this day.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5756\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5756\" style=\"width: 373px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5756\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/d0384c0b58fc931d613a516799f9b4e0.png\" alt=\"Small bottle of tonic next to gin glass containing ice and lime.\" width=\"373\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/d0384c0b58fc931d613a516799f9b4e0.png 373w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/d0384c0b58fc931d613a516799f9b4e0-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 373px) 100vw, 373px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5756\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fever-tree tonic water (https:\/\/fever-tree.com\/en_GB\/products) Fair use<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fever-tree <a href=\"https:\/\/fever-tree.com\/en_GB\/products\/premium-indian-tonic-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">describe their discovery of an old plantation of <em>Cinchona ledgeriana<\/em><\/a> in the Democratic Republic of Congo as the base for their Premium Indian Tonic. <em>C. ledgeriana<\/em> is now included in a broader concumscription of <em>C. calisaya<\/em>. I feel I should add that other mixers are also available&#8230; Schhh, you know who, voiced famously for eight years by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Franklyn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Franklyn<\/a>. Cinchona tree bark has always been considered very bitter, and people have prepared it in various ways to make it more palatable. In true British style, colonialists in India who had to take a quinine tonic to prevent malaria loaded it with alcohol \u2013 gin, of course \u2013 to help the medicine go down! And so, the classic gin and tonic we Brits cherish was born.<\/p>\n<p>Whilst the cinchona tree doesn\u2019t immediately shout \u2018Christmas\u2019 to the masses, for me gin and tonic is my family\u2019s quintessential festive drink; one of those little family quirks! Perhaps this year more than ever, those traditions and flavours we hold affection for, and find comfort in, should be embraced. This Christmas, hopefully with my gin-quaffing family around me, I will find my festive comfort in the essence of the fever tree.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5757\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5757\" style=\"width: 613px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5757 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-613x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-613x1024.jpg 613w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-180x300.jpg 180w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-768x1283.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-919x1536.jpg 919w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-1226x2048.jpg 1226w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Curtiss_botanical_magazine_8272601122-scaled.jpg 1532w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><i>Cinchona officinalis<\/i> <small>(Bentham-Moxon Trust.; Curtis, William; Curtis&#8217;s botanical magazine dedications, 1827-1927 : portraits and biographical notes.; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)<\/small><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<p>Andersson, L., 1998. A revision of the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae-Cinchoneae). <i>Memoirs-New York botanical garden<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Maldonado, C., Barnes, C.J., Cornett, C., Holmfred, E., Hansen, S.H., Persson, C., Antonelli, A. and R\u00f8nsted, N., 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2017.00391\/full\">Phylogeny predicts the quantity of antimalarial alkaloids within the iconic yellow Cinchona bark (Rubiaceae: <em>Cinchona calisaya<\/em>)<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science<\/i>, 8, 00391.<\/p>\n<p>Prendergast, H.D.V. &amp; Dolle, D. (2001).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4256385\"> Jesuits&#8217; Bark (<em>Cinchona<\/em> [Rubiaceae]) and Other Medicines<\/a>.<em> Economic Botany<\/em>, 55(1) 3-6<\/p>\n<h3>Editor&#8217;s note<\/h3>\n<p>For me, one of the fun things about tonic is the intense fluorescence of quinine under UV light!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5758\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5758\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5758 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/IMG_20201120_202518219-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5758\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gin and tonic with ice photographed under UV light. (Alastair Culham, own work, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For more #AdventBotany see our <a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/research-and-teaching\/adventbotany\/advent-botany-2020-25-yuletide-plant-stories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2020 index page<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Meg Cathcart-James Back in 2017, I wrote an Advent Botany article about juniper; its links to Christmas and myriad culinary uses, including its role as the main botanical in&#8230;<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#104;&#101;&#114;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#105;&#117;&#109;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#48;&#47;&#49;&#50;&#47;&#49;&#50;&#47;&#97;&#100;&#118;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#98;&#111;&#116;&#97;&#110;&#121;&#45;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#48;&#45;&#100;&#97;&#121;&#45;&#49;&#50;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[52,28,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advent","category-advent-botany","category-science-communication"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026 - Herbarium RNG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026 - Herbarium RNG\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Meg Cathcart-James Back in 2017, I wrote an Advent Botany article about juniper; its links to Christmas and myriad culinary uses, including its role as the main botanical in...Read More &gt;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Herbarium RNG\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PlantDiversity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-12-12T11:39:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-12-12T11:58:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2020\/12\/Starr_020518-0004_Cinchona_calisaya-225x300.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alastair Culham\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@RNGherb\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@RNGherb\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Alastair Culham\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/\",\"name\":\"#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026 - Herbarium RNG\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-12T11:39:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-12-12T11:58:15+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/#\/schema\/person\/773479130137793cfd19c5afee34a6c2\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/\",\"name\":\"Herbarium RNG\",\"description\":\"Excellence in plant science since 1897\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/#\/schema\/person\/773479130137793cfd19c5afee34a6c2\",\"name\":\"Alastair Culham\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b62061ee61f0c9332a3c756afc1eca11558ede4ac9e671e4411947ae4875c06b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b62061ee61f0c9332a3c756afc1eca11558ede4ac9e671e4411947ae4875c06b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Alastair Culham\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/author\/a-culhamreading-ac-uk\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026 - Herbarium RNG","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2020\/12\/12\/adventbotany-2020-day-12\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"#AdventBotany 2020 Day 12, If ever we needed a gin and tonic\u2026 - Herbarium RNG","og_description":"By Meg Cathcart-James Back in 2017, I wrote an Advent Botany article about juniper; 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