{"id":957,"date":"2019-12-01T10:08:17","date_gmt":"2019-12-01T10:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/?p=957"},"modified":"2019-12-09T18:45:49","modified_gmt":"2019-12-09T18:45:49","slug":"adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/01\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/","title":{"rendered":"#AdventBotany 2019 Day 1: Clementine, Satsuma, Tangerine; what&#8217;s the difference?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>By <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BotanyRNG\">Alastair Culham<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>Welcome to #AdventBotany 2019 and the start of another journey into quirky, curious, historical and, above all, botanical information about the plants associated with the winter season.<\/p>\n<p>This year I&#8217;m expanding on John Warren&#8217;s story of <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/advent-botany-2015-day-18-the-tangerine\/\">Tangerines and virgin birth <\/a>told in 2015 with my explorations into the identity of the smaller fruited citrus.\u00a0 I&#8217;ve often seen and bought fruit variously under the names Clementine, Satsuma and Tangerine and felt that, to an extent, they were all rather similar.\u00a0 However I am not the only one to have wondered about the mysteries of <em>Citrus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>There are four species of <em>Citrus<\/em> widely treated as the wild ancestors of most cultivated ones:\u00a0 <em>C<\/em>. <em>reticulata<\/em>, <em>C<\/em>. <em>maxima<\/em>, <em>C<\/em>. <em>medica<\/em>, and <em>C<\/em>. <em>micrantha.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-957 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/01\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/1200px-mandarin_oranges_citrus_reticulata\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/1200px-Mandarin_Oranges_Citrus_Reticulata-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/1200px-Mandarin_Oranges_Citrus_Reticulata-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/1200px-Mandarin_Oranges_Citrus_Reticulata-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/1200px-Mandarin_Oranges_Citrus_Reticulata-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/1200px-Mandarin_Oranges_Citrus_Reticulata.jpg 1199w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-960'>\n\t\t\t\tMandarin Oranges (<i>Citrus reticulata<\/i>) [Joe-Ravi CC-BY-SA-3.0]\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/01\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/pummelos\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Pummelos-300x225.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-961\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Pummelos-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Pummelos-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Pummelos.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-961'>\n\t\t\t\tPummelos (<i>Citrus maxima<\/i>) [Allen Timothy Chang CC-BY-SA-3.0]\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/2019\/12\/01\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/owoce_cytron\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Owoce_Cytron-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-959\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Owoce_Cytron-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Owoce_Cytron-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Owoce_Cytron-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/herbarium\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/Unorganized\/Owoce_Cytron.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-959'>\n\t\t\t\tCitron (<i>Citrus medicus<\/i>) [Klaus Reger, Ahoerstemeier, Fanghong, CC BY-SA 3.0]\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All cultivated <em>Citrus<\/em> are eastern in origin including the wild mandarin.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5540\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/map_of_inferred_original_wild_ranges\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5540\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5540 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/files\/2019\/12\/Map_of_inferred_original_wild_ranges-1024x743.jpg\" alt=\"A shaded map of India east to China and South to Timor-Leste\" width=\"640\" height=\"464\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars [Obsidian Soul CC0]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ideas of the derivation of cultivated Citrus from these four ancestral species is depiceted in an excellent illustration from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/pcjb\/2169\"><em>Recent insights on Citrus diversity and phylogeny<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5534\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5534\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/img-3_books-openedition-org_pcjb_docannexe_image_2169_img-3\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5534\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5534\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/files\/2019\/12\/img-3_books.openedition.org_pcjb_docannexe_image_2169_img-3-1024x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5534\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Origin of cultivated Citrus from wild species (https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/pcjb\/docannexe\/image\/2169\/img-3.jpg)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Genomic studies of <em>Citrus<\/em> have shown more detail on the relationships of genomes in the cultivated species (Curk et al., 2014; Velasco &amp; Licciardello 2014; Wang et al. 2017) including maps of the nine basic citrus chromosomes and have identified candidate genes for asexual seed production (apomixis via nucellar polyembryony) which has been important in the domestication of these fruit. In 2018 (Wu et al. 2018) further insights into the genomics of Citrus investigated ten wild species, using genomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis.\u00a0 They propose that &#8220;citrus diversified during the late Miocene epoch through a rapid southeast Asian radiation that correlates with a marked weakening of the monsoons. A second radiation enabled by migration across the Wallace line gave rise to the Australian limes in the early Pliocene epoch.&#8221;Their research suggests that sweet orange and mandarins are extensively interrealted and have evidence of pummelo genes through hybridization. Work by Oueslati et al. (2016) offers an insight into quite how closely related the various <em>Citrus<\/em> cultivars are<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_5537\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5537\" style=\"width: 567px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/12863_2016_426_fig3_html\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5537\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5537 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/files\/2019\/12\/12863_2016_426_Fig3_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"614\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Classification of 108 accessions of the Aurantioideae subfamily using 27 SNP Bayer\u2019s Clade diagnostic markers; the different colors correspond to different clade levels according to the Bayer et al. classification (2009) [<small>BMC Genet. 2016; 17: 118.<br \/>Published online 2016 Aug 18. doi: 10.1186\/s12863-016-0426-x]<\/small><\/figcaption><\/figure>So I now have a better idea of how and when citrus evolved into the varieties we now enjoy but I still can&#8217;t tell the fruit apart!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5543\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5543\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/adventbotany-2019-day-1-clementine-satsuma-tangerine-whats-the-difference\/img_20191201_182139359threecitruskinds1200\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5543\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5543\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/crg\/files\/2019\/12\/IMG_20191201_182139359Threecitruskinds1200-1024x794.jpg\" alt=\"A 4 x 3 grid of citrus fruit, left column shows fruit from stigma end, next column from pedicel end, next two columns are transverse sections showing fruit content and seeds.\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5543\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three small orange citrus &#8211; Top to bottom: Clementine, Tangerine, Satsuma [Alastair Culham CC-BY-3.0]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The article in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.ie\/world-news\/and-finally\/christmas-oranges-whats-the-difference-between-mandarins-satsumas-clementines-and-tangerines-36424033.html\">independent.ie<\/a> is perhaps the most accessible suggesting:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Clementines<\/strong> are the sweetest of the small orange citrus, and have a skin that peels fairly easily due to the pith thickness.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tangerines<\/strong> gain their name from the north African exports of Citrus via the port of Tangiers. Tangerines are a form of mandarin orange and are the hardest of these three to peel (you can see the thin peel with only a small albedo) but have a richer, sweeter flavour than the others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Satsumas<\/strong> have an easy to peel skin due to a thick but loose albedo (the white layer under the orange skin) so the central segments can be freed readily from the peel.<\/p>\n<p>So I can now tell what to expect when shopping for these winter season fruit.<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Curk F, Ancillo G, Ollitrault F, Perrier X, Jacquemoud-Collet J-P, Garcia-Lor A, et al. (2015) Nuclear Species-Diagnostic SNP Markers Mined from 454 Amplicon Sequencing Reveal Admixture Genomic Structure of Modern <em>Citrus<\/em> Varieties. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0125628. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0125628\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0125628<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Luro, F., Curk, F. Froelicher, Y. &amp; Ollitrault, P., Recent insights on Citrus diversity and phylogeny.\u00a0 Publications du Centre Jean B\u00e9rard, (2017) <a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/pcjb\/2169\">https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/pcjb\/2169<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Oueslati, A., Ollitrault, F., Baraket, G. <i>et al.<\/i> Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR. <i>BMC Genet<\/i> <b>17, <\/b>118 (2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12863-016-0426-x\">doi:10.1186\/s12863-016-0426-x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Velasco, R., Licciardello, C. A genealogy of the citrus family. <i>Nat Biotechnol<\/i> <b>32, <\/b>640\u2013642 (2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.2954\">doi:10.1038\/nbt.2954<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/263742285_A_genealogy_of_the_citrus_family\" class=\"broken_link\">Full text<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Wang, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, S. <i>et al.<\/i> Genomic analyses of primitive, wild and cultivated citrus provide insights into asexual reproduction. <i>Nat Genet<\/i> <b>49, <\/b>765\u2013772 (2017) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3839\">doi:10.1038\/ng.3839<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Wu, G., Prochnik, S., Jenkins, J. <i>et al.<\/i> Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication. <i>Nat Biotechnol<\/i> <b>32, <\/b>656\u2013662 (2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.2906\">doi:10.1038\/nbt.2906<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4113729\/\">Preprint here<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Wu, G., Terol, J., Ibanez, V. <i>et al.<\/i> Genomics of the origin and evolution of <i>Citrus<\/i>. <i>Nature<\/i> <b>554, <\/b>311\u2013316 (2018) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25447\">doi:10.1038\/nature25447<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Alastair Culham Welcome to #AdventBotany 2019 and the start of another journey into quirky, curious, historical and, above all, botanical information about the plants associated with the winter season&#8230;.<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#104;&#101;&#114;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#105;&#117;&#109;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#49;&#57;&#47;&#49;&#50;&#47;&#48;&#49;&#47;&#97;&#100;&#118;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#98;&#111;&#116;&#97;&#110;&#121;&#45;&#50;&#48;&#49;&#57;&#45;&#100;&#97;&#121;&#45;&#49;&#45;&#99;&#108;&#101;&#109;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#45;&#115;&#97;&#116;&#115;&#117;&#109;&#97;&#45;&#116;&#97;&#110;&#103;&#101;&#114;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#45;&#119;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#115;&#45;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#45;&#100;&#105;&#102;&#102;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#110;&#99;&#101;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[28,27],"tags":[29,30,38,39],"class_list":["post-957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advent-botany","category-science-communication","tag-adventbotany","tag-adventbotany2019","tag-citrus","tag-genetics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>#AdventBotany 2019 Day 1: Clementine, Satsuma, Tangerine; what&#039;s the difference? 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