{"id":410,"date":"2017-06-23T09:27:38","date_gmt":"2017-06-23T08:27:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/spate\/?p=410"},"modified":"2017-11-16T14:13:44","modified_gmt":"2017-11-16T14:13:44","slug":"solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/","title":{"rendered":"Solar wind variations over the last four centuries"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) varies over all observed timescales, from millennia (top), though decades\/centuries (middle) to days\/hours (bottom). In this study we used sunspot records to reconstruct the global solar wind and heliospheric magnetic field for the first time. We find that during the Maunder minimum, a period of anonymously low sunspot numbers from AD 1650 to 1715, the solar wind speed was approximately half its modern value, with a similar drop in HMF intensity. This is likely to have led to a much larger terrestrial magnetosphere and a much reduced heliosphere.<\/p>\n<p>Owens, M. J., M. Lockwood, P. Riley, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep41548\">Global solar wind variations over the last four centuries<\/a> Scientific Reports, 7, Article number: 41548 (2017) doi:10.1038\/srep41548<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-350\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2017\/06\/mat_nature-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2017\/06\/mat_nature-1.png 960w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2017\/06\/mat_nature-1-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2017\/06\/mat_nature-1-768x490.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) varies over all observed timescales, from millennia (top), though decades\/centuries (middle) to days\/hours (bottom). In this study we used sunspot records to reconstruct the global solar wind and heliospheric magnetic field for the first time. We find that during the Maunder minimum, a period of anonymously low sunspot numbers from<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":219,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[5,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-highlights","category-publication"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Solar wind variations over the last four centuries - SPATE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Solar wind variations over the last four centuries - SPATE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) varies over all observed timescales, from millennia (top), though decades\/centuries (middle) to days\/hours (bottom). In this study we used sunspot records to reconstruct the global solar wind and heliospheric magnetic field for the first time. We find that during the Maunder minimum, a period of anonymously low sunspot numbers from\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SPATE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-06-23T08:27:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-11-16T14:13:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2017\/06\/mat_nature-1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alex Daykin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Alex Daykin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/\",\"name\":\"Solar wind variations over the last four centuries - SPATE\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-06-23T08:27:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-11-16T14:13:44+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/#\/schema\/person\/532e1ce773445fb76d77785ea76f5be8\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Solar wind variations over the last four centuries\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/\",\"name\":\"SPATE\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/#\/schema\/person\/532e1ce773445fb76d77785ea76f5be8\",\"name\":\"Alex Daykin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/48d6c4db18e4195997d9ec88cad612357d655264b37576280d9aceae3fa7aac4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/48d6c4db18e4195997d9ec88cad612357d655264b37576280d9aceae3fa7aac4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Alex Daykin\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/author\/a-j-daykinreading-ac-uk\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Solar wind variations over the last four centuries - SPATE","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/met-spate\/solar-wind-variations-over-the-last-four-centuries\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Solar wind variations over the last four centuries - SPATE","og_description":"The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) varies over all observed timescales, from millennia (top), though decades\/centuries (middle) to days\/hours (bottom). 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