{"id":17202,"date":"2019-03-07T10:47:55","date_gmt":"2019-03-07T10:47:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=17202"},"modified":"2021-11-15T09:14:18","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T09:14:18","slug":"too-many-elephants-in-africa-heres-how-peaceful-coexistence-with-human-communities-can-help","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2019\/03\/07\/too-many-elephants-in-africa-heres-how-peaceful-coexistence-with-human-communities-can-help\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Too many elephants\u2019 in Africa? Here\u2019s how peaceful coexistence with human communities can help"},"content":{"rendered":"

The human population in Africa is booming, squeezing elephants into ever smaller and more isolated pockets of land. In a new post for The Conversation<\/a>, conservation biologist Vicky Boult explains that carefully planned land-sharing between humans and elephants could offer a better solution for all concerned.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Africa\u2019s elephant population has plummeted from roughly a million in 1970 to around 400,000 today<\/a> \u2013 a decline which is largely blamed on poaching for their ivory tusks. At its peak in 2011<\/a>, poaching claimed 36,000 elephants a year, or one every 15 minutes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Many of us are familiar with these statistics thanks to campaigns to end the ivory trade. But with our attention focused on poaching, an arguably greater threat to Africa\u2019s elephants has emerged. In the time that Africa\u2019s elephant population has crashed, its human population has boomed. The number of people living in Africa<\/a> has doubled since 1982, reaching a billion in 2009, and is expected to double again by 2050.<\/p>\n

\"\"
While poaching poses an enormous threat to elephants, habitat fragmentation has been less discussed.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To feed and house this growing population, natural habitats have been fragmented by roads and railways and entire swathes have been converted to farmland and settlements. As a result, Africa\u2019s elephants have been squeezed into smaller and increasingly isolated pockets of land. It\u2019s very possible that the future for all of Africa\u2019s elephants will resemble what is currently seen in South Africa.<\/p>\n

Here, elephants are largely confined to small, fenced reserves separated by vast human-dominated landscapes. Elephants can\u2019t disperse from these reserves, but their relative protection within them has seen their densities increase. So much so that in stark contrast to the \u201celephant extinction\u201d narrative we\u2019re used to, some consider South Africa\u2019s reserves to have \u201ctoo many elephants<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

An excess of elephants?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elephants play a crucial role in Africa\u2019s savanna ecosystems as seed dispersers. Their dung recycles valuable nutrients and by feeding on trees they maintain the savanna\u2019s matrix of woodland and grassland and the biodiversity it supports.<\/p>\n

However, over prolonged periods, high elephant densities can reduce tree cover, which shrinks woodland and expands grassland<\/a> habitats. This may threaten browsing species<\/a>, such as black rhinoceros and bushbuck, for which trees provide food and shelter.<\/p>\n

Managing elephants to prevent habitat change and preserve biodiversity has a long history. Culling programmes<\/a> continued into the late 20th century and only ended in Kruger National Park in 1994. Culling remains a \u201clast resort\u201d for managing elephants in South Africa and there have been recent calls to resume culling operations in Botswana<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Elephant feeding on a fever tree (Acacia xanthophloea<\/em>) \u2013 a tree species heavily impacted by high elephant densities.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Culls have now largely been replaced by non-lethal approaches, including translocating<\/a> elephants to other areas and contraceptives<\/a> to reduce birth rates.<\/p>\n

However, all management interventions cause some degree of stress for elephants. There\u2019s always a small risk with using anaesthetics and hormonal contraceptives can alter an elephant\u2019s behaviour.<\/p>\n

The fundamental question over the future of Africa\u2019s elephants is whether we are happy to allow them to exist only where they are heavily managed. If so, then we\u2019ll need more research to understand the most effective and ethical ways of managing elephants. If not, then securing more space for elephants alongside human communities could be the answer.<\/p>\n

To spare or share<\/strong><\/p>\n

This boils down to an old debate \u2013 to spare land or share it. Land sparing means separating pristine wildlife habitats from areas of human activity while land sharing involves maintaining biodiversity within landscapes shared by humans. But which is best for conservation?<\/p>\n

South Africa shows us what land sparing means for elephants \u2013 expensive, ongoing management<\/a> in densely populated reserves. The alternative land sharing approach gives elephants greater access to Africa\u2019s landscapes, but relies on coexistence between people and elephants.<\/p>\n

At present, land sharing systems outside of Africa\u2019s national parks and reserves are fragile. Human-elephant interactions can threaten the lives of both parties but strategies exist to help coexistence.<\/p>\n

At the heart of all of them is an understanding that there must be clear benefits to humans in sharing space with elephants. The revenue from tourists paying to see elephants<\/a> can provide direct employment but education programmes are also necessary to help people understand how elephants benefit the wider ecosystem.<\/p>\n

\"\"
In Amboseli, Kenya, elephants share over 80% of their range with livestock and crop farmers.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Livelihoods outside agriculture must be encouraged to reduce pressures on habitats and wildlife while providing stable incomes in the face of changing environments. Thoughtful land management and planning should ensure vital elephant habitats are protected.<\/p>\n

Groups across Africa are already working on solutions which can deliver this. Alongside tourism, projects have emerged which generate revenue from elephants without harming them or the environment, such as producing paper and gifts made from elephant dung<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The charity Save the Elephants teaches local children about the benefits of living in harmony with elephants<\/a> and organisations such as the Amboseli Ecosystem Trust<\/a> have started working with conservationists, politicians and local communities to plan how coexistence can be achieved.<\/p>\n

Land sharing between humans and elephants will depend on this kind of collaboration between governments, conservation groups and local communities. If people want more for Africa\u2019s elephants than confinement to heavily managed reserves, then everyone needs to be consulted. Only then can there be hope for peaceful coexistence between people and elephants.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>. Vicky Boult is a Postdoctoral Researcher in Conservation Biology<\/a> at the University of Reading.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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