{"id":18026,"date":"2019-06-19T16:04:28","date_gmt":"2019-06-19T15:04:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=18026"},"modified":"2019-06-19T16:04:28","modified_gmt":"2019-06-19T15:04:28","slug":"mohamed-morsi-death-of-egypts-former-president-shows-deep-state-was-always-going-to-triumph","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2019\/06\/19\/mohamed-morsi-death-of-egypts-former-president-shows-deep-state-was-always-going-to-triumph\/","title":{"rendered":"Mohamed Morsi: death of Egypt\u2019s former president shows deep state was always going to triumph"},"content":{"rendered":"

In a new post for The Conversation<\/a>, Middle Eastern historian Dr Dina Rezk writes that Morsi’s inhumane treatment and subsequent fate is unexceptional in a regime set on imposing its will on the nation without concern for the human cost.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Mohammed
Mohamed Morsi meeting John Kerry in 2013.<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Mohamed Morsi, Egypt\u2019s first democratically elected president, died on June 17<\/a>\u00a0in court in Cairo where he was on trial facing charges of espionage. He will be remembered for a short and divisive presidency and his failure to deliver the hopeful visions of Egypt\u2019s \u201cArab Spring\u201d. His legacy: the unprecedented consolidation of authoritarian rule by Egypt\u2019s current military regime.<\/p>\n

In the summer of 2012,\u00a0Morsi\u2019s narrow victory<\/a>\u00a0was hailed by the West in the wake of the uprising that saw the ouster of his predecessor Hosni Mubarak. But within a year, even Egyptians who had cast their votes for Morsi were clamouring for his removal, in what some described as the largest public protests in world history.<\/p>\n

Morsi was not a popular president. His electoral triumph against Mubarak lackey Ahmad Shafik was so close that it aroused suspicions of a deal with the army. Neither of the two candidates represented Egypt\u2019s liberal voice, whose votes were\u00a0split between a plethora of candidates<\/a>\u00a0and who failed to consolidate as an effective \u201cthird way\u201d during the first round of voting.<\/p>\n

An engineer by training, Morsi in fact had little experience in politics before his rapid rise to power in 2012. Within months of his inauguration it seemed clear that he was unable to command the support of the Egyptian people. On the international stage, a series of embarrassing blunders intensified the wave of domestic criticism that culminated in his downfall in 2013.<\/p>\n

The balance sheet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Initially, Morsi showed promise. His first speech to the Egyptian people deployed the language of national unity and reform of the security state, clearly appealing to the sentiments expressed in the 2011 revolution of \u201cbread, freedom and social justice.\u201d In November 2012, he brokered a ceasefire<\/a>\u00a0between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, reassuring the international community that Egypt would continue to play the role of mediator in the Arab-Israeli conflict.<\/p>\n

Just one day after this success, however, Morsi announced a presidential decree that marked the beginning of the end of his rule. On November 22, 2012 he issued a\u00a0constitutional declaration<\/a>, appointed a new public prosecutor, and gave himself what many saw as dictatorial powers \u2013 making presidential decrees immune to judicial oversight. While Morsi claimed that these measures were necessary to protect the revolution and transition to a constitutional democracy, he was accused of appointing himself as \u201cEgypt\u2019s new pharaoh\u201d.<\/p>\n

In response to widespread protests, Morsi annulled the declaration but insisted on proceeding with a\u00a0snap referendum<\/a>\u00a0on the new constitution which\u00a0passed with a 63% majority<\/a>\u00a0but a low voter turnout of only 33%.<\/p>\n

The constitutional crisis was a critical turning point and provided the army with a window of opportunity to present itself as \u201cthe saviour\u201d of the Egyptian people. In late April 2013, the\u00a0Tamarod<\/a>\u00a0(meaning \u201crebel\u201d) campaign was officially launched with the goal of collecting 15m signatures by June 30 \u2013 the anniversary of Morsi\u2019s presidential victory \u2013 to call for early elections. Evidence has\u00a0since emerged<\/a>\u00a0suggesting that the movement operated with the approval and support of the military and security agencies as well as supporters of the former Mubarak regime. Leaked\u00a0recordings of conversations<\/a>\u00a0between Egyptian military figures revealed that the group drew funds from a bank account administered by the Ministry of Defence and replenished by the United Arab Emirates.<\/p>\n

Millions of Egyptians heeded Tamarod\u2019s call and on July 3, the defence minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi declared that the army had\u00a0suspended the constitution<\/a>\u00a0and deposed the president in order to \u201cend the state of conflict and division\u201d that had marked Morsi\u2019s presidency.<\/p>\n

Sisi clampdown<\/strong><\/p>\n

In retrospect, Morsi\u2019s brief time in power looks relatively benign when compared to the authoritarianism that followed Sisi\u2019s military coup. The Muslim Brotherhood has long been demonised by the political elite since the founding of Egypt\u2019s republic in 1952. In fact, Morsi\u2019s brief presidency clearly demonstrated that the interests of the \u201cdeep state\u201d would ultimately triumph. The Muslim Brotherhood could never have dominated Egypt in the way that many feared because they simply had too many enemies.<\/p>\n

Today, the Muslim Brotherhood is regarded as a terrorist group and an existential threat to the Egyptian people. Not only is it a crime to be associated with the organisation, but the Egyptian regime has made it clear that any dissent whatsoever will be crushed.<\/p>\n

The Muslim Brotherhood no doubt sees Morsi as the latest martyr in an ongoing battle with the Sisi government. He was\u00a0sentenced to death<\/a>\u00a0in 2015 in a ruling that\u00a0was subsequently overturned<\/a>\u00a0in 2016.<\/p>\n

The inhumanity of Morsi\u2019s treatment in prison, where he was kept predominantly in solitary confinement, will evoke previous acts of brutality against the group, not least the public massacre of over 1,000 supporters of the Brotherhood in August 2013, described by\u00a0Human Rights Watch<\/a>\u00a0as the worst mass killing in Egypt\u2019s history. The UN has\u00a0called for an investigation<\/a>\u00a0into Morsi\u2019s death.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, while high profile, Morsi\u2019s fate is by no means exceptional. He is simply the latest and most visible victim of a regime committed to imposing its will on the nation without concern for the human cost. Nonetheless, the vast majority of Egyptians will not be mourning the death of their first democratically elected president.<\/p>\n

Dina Rezk is\u00a0Lecturer in Middle Eastern History at the University of Reading.\u00a0Her research findings have led her to provide policy briefings to the UK Cabinet Office, Home Office, Ministry of Defence, Nato, and the US Department of Defense. She leads the research project ‘Social listening in the past, present and future<\/a>‘.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dina was recently selected from hundreds of applications as one of AHRC and BBC Radio 3\u2019s New Generation Thinkers 2019. Read our recent interview with Dina.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In a new post for The Conversation, Middle Eastern historian Dr Dina Rezk writes that Morsi’s inhumane treatment and subsequent fate is unexceptional in a regime set on imposing its…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[300,1285,1374,1375,695,870],"class_list":["post-18026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-heritage-creativity","tag-egypt","tag-middle-eastern-history","tag-morsi","tag-muslim-brotherhood","tag-politics","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMohamed Morsi: death of Egypt\u2019s former president shows deep state was always going to triumph - 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