{"id":18457,"date":"2019-09-24T12:01:19","date_gmt":"2019-09-24T11:01:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=18457"},"modified":"2021-11-16T13:45:28","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T13:45:28","slug":"superblocks-barcelonas-car-free-zones-could-extend-lives-and-boost-mental-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2019\/09\/24\/superblocks-barcelonas-car-free-zones-could-extend-lives-and-boost-mental-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Superblocks: Barcelona\u2019s car-free zones could extend lives and boost mental health"},"content":{"rendered":"

Could car-free pockets of streets opened up to cyclists and pedestrians offer a solution to the urban problems of pollution and poor mental and physical health? In a recent post for The Conversation<\/a>, Henley Business School’s Professor Anupam Nanda weighs up the pros and cons.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The world\u2019s biggest cities<\/a> have larger populations and higher economic outputs than some countries. But as they grow in size and complexity, cities are also facing thorny challenges that threaten the health and happiness of residents. Congestion, pollution and a lack of community spaces have become major drags on people\u2019s aspirations and experiences of urban living.<\/p>\n

In response, cities must manage their resources and priorities to create sustainable places for visitors and residents, and foster innovation and growth. Enter Barcelona \u2013 the capital of Catalonia, in Spain \u2013 where a bold stroke of urban planning first introduced \u201csuperblocks\u201d in 2016.<\/p>\n

\"\"
ISGlobal.<\/a>, <\/em><\/span>FAL<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Superblocks are neighbourhoods of nine blocks, where traffic is restricted to major roads around the outside, opening up entire groups of streets to pedestrians and cyclists. The aim is to reduce pollution from vehicles, and give residents much-needed relief from noise pollution. They are designed to create more open space for citizens to meet, talk and do activities.<\/p>\n

Health and well-being boost<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are currently only six superblocks in operation, including the first, most prominent one<\/a> in Eixample. Reports suggest that<\/a> \u2013 despite some early push back \u2013 the change has been broadly welcomed by residents, and the long-term benefits could be considerable.<\/p>\n

A recent study<\/a> carried out by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health estimates that if, as planned, 503 potential superblocks are realised across the city, journeys by private vehicle would fall by 230,000 a week, as people switch to public transport, walking or cycling.<\/p>\n

The research suggests this would significantly improve air quality and noise levels on the car-free streets: ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO\u2082) would be reduced by a quarter, bringing levels in line with recommendations<\/a> from the World Health Organisation (WHO).<\/p>\n

The plan is also expected to generate significant health benefits for residents. The study<\/a>\u00a0estimates that as many as 667 premature deaths from air pollution, noise and heat could be prevented each year. More green spaces will encourage people to get outdoors and lead a more active lifestyle<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This, in turn, helps to reduce obesity and diabetes<\/a> and ease pressure on health services. The researchers claim<\/a> that residents of Barcelona could expect to live an extra 200 days thanks to the cumulative health benefits, if the idea is rolled out across the city.<\/p>\n

There are expected to be benefits to mental health, as well as physical health. Having access to such spaces can stave off loneliness and isolation<\/a> \u2013 especially among elderly residents \u2013 as communities form stronger bonds and become more resilient.<\/p>\n

Stumbling blocks<\/strong><\/p>\n

It was Salvador Rueda<\/a>, director of the Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona, who first championed the introduction of superblocks \u2013 and he argues<\/a> that the idea could be used in any city. Even so, authorities looking to expand the concept in Barcelona or beyond will need to be mindful of some concerns.<\/p>\n

Changes like these require capital investment. Even as the car-free streets are transformed with urban furniture and greenery, the remaining major roads will likely have to accommodate heavier traffic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a0Zvileve\/Flickr.<\/span><\/em><\/a>, <\/em>CC BY-SA<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Further investments in local infrastructure \u2013 such as improving surrounding roads to deal with more traffic, or installing smart traffic management system \u2013 could be required to prevent serious congestion. Then the question remains, how to finance such investments \u2013 a higher tax rate is unlikely to be popular.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s more, whenever a location becomes more desirable, it leads to an increase in property demand. Higher prices and rent could create pockets of unaffordable neighbourhoods. This may lead to use of properties for investment purposes and possibly, displacement of local residents<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s also worth noting that Barcelona is an old and relatively well-planned European city. Different challenges exist in emerging global cities across Asia, Africa and Latin America \u2013 and in younger cities in the US and Australia. There is a great deal of variation in scale, population density, urban shape and form, development patterns and institutional frameworks across the cities. Several large cities in the developing world<\/a> are heavily congested with uncontrolled, unregulated developments and weak regulatory frameworks.<\/p>\n

Replicating what\u2019s been done in Barcelona may prove difficult in such places, and will require much greater transformations. But it\u2019s true that the basic principles of superblocks \u2013 that value pedestrians, cyclists and high quality public spaces over motor vehicles \u2013 can be applied in any city, with some adjustments.<\/p>\n

Leading the way<\/strong><\/p>\n

Over the history of human civilisation, great cities have been at the forefront of innovation and social progress. But cities need a robust structure of governance, which is transparent and accountable, to ensure a fair and efficient use of resources. Imposing innovation from the top down, without consultations and buy-in, can go squarely against the idea of free market capitalism, which has been a predominant force for modern economies and can lead push-back from citizens and local businesses.<\/p>\n

Citizens must also be willing to change their perspectives and behaviour, to make such initiatives work. This means that \u201csolutions\u201d to urban living like superblocks need to have buy-in from citizens, through continuous engagement with local government officials.<\/p>\n

\"\"
A man speaks at a public consultation on the Eixample superblock in Barcelona.<\/span> Ajuntament Barcelona\/Flickr.<\/a>, CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Successful urban planning also needs strong leadership with a clear and consistent vision of the future, and a roadmap of how that vision can be delivered. The vision should be co-developed with the citizens and all other stakeholders such as local businesses, private and public organisations. This can ensure that everybody shares ownership and takes responsibility for the success of local initiatives.<\/p>\n

There is little doubt that the principles and objectives of superblocks are sound. The idea has the potential to catch on around the world \u2013 though it will likely take a unique and specific form in every city.<\/p>\n

This post first appeared on The Conversation, 13 September 2019<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Anupam Nanda is Professor of Urban Economics and Real Estate at the Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK.\u00a0He has previously worked with the Market Intelligence group of Deloitte & Touche in Mumbai where his focus areas covered real estate and private equity sectors and was Senior Research Economist at the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) in Washington DC where his responsibilities included developing and implementing housing market research studies.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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