{"id":19972,"date":"2020-03-06T08:48:08","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T08:48:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=19972"},"modified":"2020-03-05T16:16:44","modified_gmt":"2020-03-05T16:16:44","slug":"the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/","title":{"rendered":"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts"},"content":{"rendered":"

From astronomy to almanacs, Professor Anne Lawrence-Mathers explores the historical origins of weather forecasting in a new post for The Conversation<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

It\u2019s official:\u00a0according to the UK\u2019s Met Office<\/a>, February 2020 has been the wettest February in England, Wales and Northern Ireland since it began keeping records \u2013 and the second wettest (behind February 1990) for Scotland. It has also been the fifth wettest of any calendar month in a series from 1862.<\/p>\n

Delivering the bad news each night, weather forecasters have been looking depressed, while the UK public \u2013 already renowned for their obsession with the weather \u2013 have been huddled together in whatever shelter they can find, moaning about the terrible winter.<\/p>\n

So it seems fitting to note that the world\u2019s first daily weather forecasts were\u00a0published in a British newspaper<\/a>. Appearing in the 1860s, these vital scientific summaries of information were the work of Robert FitzRoy (who was also captain of HMS Beagle as it took Charles Darwin on his famous voyage of discovery).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

But similar forecasts from the 12th century onward, known as \u201cprognostications\u201d before FitzRoy coined the term \u201cweather forecast\u201d, were also based on genuine scientific beliefs of the time. Medieval forecasters used both detailed observations of actual weather and complex astronomical and mathematical calculations to predict the future.<\/p>\n

My\u00a0research has shown<\/a>\u00a0that these forecasting methods were in fact taken seriously from the 9th to the 18th centuries. In the 16th and 17th centuries both Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, and Johannes Kepler from Germany made\u00a0forecasts of this sort<\/a>, and recommended the collection of data to improve accuracy.<\/p>\n

Their works were expensive, but\u00a0almanacs<\/a>\u00a0made popular versions of forecasts widely available \u2013 including specialist titles designed to appeal to women, travellers and farmers.<\/p>\n

The scientific theory involved started with classical astronomy, the idea that celestial bodies \u2013 especially planets \u2013 exerted powerful forces over the Earth and its inhabitants.<\/p>\n

Arabian scientists from the 9th century had accepted and developed this model. Just as the sun brought light and heat, and the moon apparently produced moisture and controlled tides, Saturn was believed to be powerfully dry and cold, while Jupiter was warm and mildly wet.<\/p>\n

This theory had been developed by\u00a0Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria<\/a>, the great cosmologist and astronomer of the 2nd century. Ptolemy\u2019s main contribution was to produce complex mathematical models which made it possible to predict with considerable accuracy where the planets would be on any chosen date.<\/p>\n

This in turn meant, Ptolemy said, that it was possible to calculate how their effects would interact, and what the outcome would be for the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and weather.<\/p>\n

Ptolemy outlined<\/a>\u00a0how detailed weather forecasts could be made, stating:<\/p>\n

When planets are in significant relationship to one another, they produce associated variations in the state of our atmosphere, which must be factored together with seasonal conditions and prevailing winds.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But the lack of interest among aristocrats in technical astronomy led the science to decline in the Roman Empire and then to be unavailable to early-medieval western Europe.<\/p>\n

Instead, astronomical weather forecasting was developed by philosophers in the Arab Empire from the 9th century. Scholars such as\u00a0al-Battani<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0al-Kindi<\/a>\u00a0compiled new data into updated planetary tables and refined Ptolemy\u2019s methods of weather forecasting.<\/p>\n

Their work was slowly assimilated by scholars in Europe from the late 11th century, and incorporated into university teaching of astronomy by the 13th century. But the main barrier to wider successful forecasting was the complexity of the calculations involved.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, there was a powerful incentive to succeed. One of the most popular Latin treatises on weather forecasting was attributed to\u00a0Robert Grosseteste<\/a>, the 13th-century scientist and English bishop who\u00a0set out a simplified method<\/a>\u00a0of making the actual forecasts and urged that forewarning of droughts or floods would save many lives.<\/p>\n

Later on, some practitioners achieved great fame for their accurate forecasts. Englishman\u00a0John of Eschenden successfully claimed<\/a>\u00a0in 1348 that he had predicted the great plague of that year in 1345, though his prediction was rather vague.<\/p>\n

His ongoing prognostications of prolonged cold, wet and windy weather, causing floods and famines into the 1370s, were acclaimed as correct. He worked with other scholars and church authorities to spread knowledge of this important science and its findings.<\/p>\n

Shining a light<\/strong><\/p>\n

An important further step was taken in the mid-14th century by a scholar known as John of Saxony, working at the University of Paris. His almanac supplied ready-calculated sets of planetary positions for a long period and was highly influential.<\/p>\n

The serious work going into weather forecasting in the late middle ages is further shown by the growing practice of making detailed observations of weather and correlating them with forecasts.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0earliest known examples<\/a>\u00a0of this come from England and Germany from 1330 to 1360, and their effect was to increase confidence in astronomically based weather forecasting.<\/p>\n

Later astronomers, including Brahe and Kepler, continued to build on this \u201cmedieval\u201d weather forecasting. Brahe argued for making both weather records and forecasts, with the aim of increasing the accuracy of the forecasts by using more data. Weather observations and forecasts made by Kepler from 1593-1624 survive.<\/p>\n

In the 15th century it was already the responsibility of university astronomers, in cities across Europe, to issue annual prognostications covering the weather.<\/p>\n

With the arrival of print in the late 15th century, such prognostications were rushed out as annual almanacs, which sold in enormous numbers. The more expensive ones provided daily weather forecasts for the coming year, in phraseology still echoed by modern forecasters. They mentioned \u201cwind, rain and stormy weather\u201d, \u201cvariable winds\u201d and conditions described as \u201cfresh and fair\u201d.<\/p>\n

These were still published across Europe and in America in the 19th century, although taken much less seriously because of growing scepticism about the powers of the planets. But much of this seems to have been widely ignored in histories of science.<\/p>\n

This may be partly due to a widespread dismissive attitude towards anything classified as astrology, but perhaps also because of a tendency to focus on Europe, rather than the Arab Empire, as the birthplace of modern science. But as we all continue to discuss the weather and its effect on our day to day lives, the legacy of careful analysis of atmospheric changes and their causes, deserves to be remembered.<\/p>\n

This post first appeared on The Conversation, 4 March 2020. Professor Anne Lawrence-Mathers is a medieval historian whose interests centre on medieval magic and science, and on the interfaces and interactions between the two. She recently published a monograph on Medieval Meteorology<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

From astronomy to almanacs, Professor Anne Lawrence-Mathers explores the historical origins of weather forecasting in a new post for The Conversation. It\u2019s official:\u00a0according to the UK\u2019s Met Office, February 2020…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[441,1169,578,870,942],"class_list":["post-19972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-heritage-creativity","tag-history","tag-medieval-history","tag-meteorology-2","tag-the-conversation","tag-weather-forecasting"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe medieval roots of modern weather forecasts - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From astronomy to almanacs, Professor Anne Lawrence-Mathers explores the historical origins of weather forecasting in a new post for The Conversation. It\u2019s official:\u00a0according to the UK\u2019s Met Office, February 2020...Read More >\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-03-06T08:48:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-03-05T16:16:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/1709-almanac-576x1024.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sarah Harrop\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sarah Harrop\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sarah Harrop\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23\"},\"headline\":\"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-06T08:48:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-05T16:16:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\"},\"wordCount\":1090,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"history\",\"medieval history\",\"meteorology\",\"The Conversation\",\"weather forecasting\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Heritage & Creativity\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\",\"name\":\"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts - Connecting Research\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-06T08:48:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-05T16:16:44+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\",\"name\":\"Connecting Research\",\"description\":\"Research stories from across the University of Reading\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"University of Reading\",\"alternateName\":\"UoR\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png\",\"width\":440,\"height\":147,\"caption\":\"University of Reading\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniRdg_Research\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-reading\/mycompany\/verification\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsFUmxmcVbVJ-9iGczsKfuw\",\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Reading\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/uniofreading\/?hl=en\",\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@uniofreading\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23\",\"name\":\"Sarah Harrop\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Sarah Harrop\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/author\/s-harropreading-ac-uk\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts - Connecting Research","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts - Connecting Research","og_description":"From astronomy to almanacs, Professor Anne Lawrence-Mathers explores the historical origins of weather forecasting in a new post for The Conversation. It\u2019s official:\u00a0according to the UK\u2019s Met Office, February 2020...Read More >","og_url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/","og_site_name":"Connecting Research","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/","article_published_time":"2020-03-06T08:48:08+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-05T16:16:44+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/1709-almanac-576x1024.jpg"}],"author":"Sarah Harrop","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@UniRdg_Research","twitter_site":"@UniRdg_Research","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Sarah Harrop","Estimated reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/"},"author":{"name":"Sarah Harrop","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23"},"headline":"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts","datePublished":"2020-03-06T08:48:08+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-05T16:16:44+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/"},"wordCount":1090,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization"},"keywords":["history","medieval history","meteorology","The Conversation","weather forecasting"],"articleSection":["Heritage & Creativity"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/","name":"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts - Connecting Research","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-03-06T08:48:08+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-05T16:16:44+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/03\/06\/the-medieval-roots-of-modern-weather-forecasts\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The medieval roots of modern weather forecasts"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/","name":"Connecting Research","description":"Research stories from across the University of Reading","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization","name":"University of Reading","alternateName":"UoR","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png","width":440,"height":147,"caption":"University of Reading"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/","https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniRdg_Research","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-reading\/mycompany\/verification\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsFUmxmcVbVJ-9iGczsKfuw","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Reading","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/uniofreading\/?hl=en","https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@uniofreading"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23","name":"Sarah Harrop","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Sarah Harrop"},"url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/author\/s-harropreading-ac-uk\/"}]}},"cc_featured_image_caption":{"caption_text":false,"source_text":false,"source_url":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/127"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19972"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19972\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19981,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19972\/revisions\/19981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}