{"id":20411,"date":"2020-05-21T12:14:15","date_gmt":"2020-05-21T11:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=20411"},"modified":"2023-04-24T14:02:58","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T13:02:58","slug":"walking-talking-and-showing-off-a-history-of-roman-gardens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/05\/21\/walking-talking-and-showing-off-a-history-of-roman-gardens\/","title":{"rendered":"Walking, talking and showing off – a history of Roman gardens"},"content":{"rendered":"

During lockdown, our gardens have never seemed more precious. Professor Annalisa Marzano (Classics) is investigating ancient Roman gardens and here she explains what she’s found.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Excavating the House of Queen Caroline (VIII.3.14) in Pompeii. Author provided<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In ancient Rome, you could tell a lot about a person from the look of their garden. Ancient gardens were spaces used for many activities, such as dining, intellectual practice, and religious rituals. They also offered the opportunity to flaunt horticultural skills as well as travels. As such, gardens were taken rather seriously by Romans. Walking had an important role here, as there is no better way to show off your garden than to take people on walks through it.<\/p>\n

The role of horticulture in the construction of elite identity in ancient Rome is one of the topics I am investigating, while the excavation of an ancient Pompeian garden I co-direct is revealing tangible information on settings for horticultural displays.<\/p>\n

For wealthy Romans, gardens were a place to exercise the mind, for instance by strolling while conversing about philosophy or literature. The orator and philosopher Cicero famously wrote that if you have a garden and a library you have everything you need.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"
The leaves of the plane tree. Ellywa\/Wikipedia, CC BY-SA<\/figcaption><\/figure>
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The type of plants chosen could reveal much about how cultured the owner was. From the writings of Roman authors, we can see that plane trees (which nowadays commonly line streets and walkways in parks) were a good choice. They offered shade in summer and were a way to show that one was versed in Greek philosophy: Aristotle and Plato\u2019s famed philosophical schools were held in garden\u2019s shaded by\u00a0plane trees<\/a>, as Plato referred to in his\u00a0Phaedrus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Fruit of the empire<\/h2>\n

Rome empire-building military expeditions abroad also resulted in\u00a0new plants,<\/a>\u00a0or new cultivars (a plant variety produced by selective breeding) of known plants being introduced into Italy.\u00a0Roman generals<\/a>\u00a0or provincial governors often came back to Italy with specimens that they planted in their gardens. For example, Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the father of Emperor Vitellius, planted several figs varieties in his rural villa estate near Rome that he had encountered while governor of Syria. In this way, gardens could also become a sort of microcosm of Rome\u2019s empire, with plants from different territories.<\/p>\n

Excavating the House of Queen Caroline (VIII.3.14) in Pompeii.<\/span>\u00a0Author provided<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Horticultural display of grafted fruit trees and other plants reproduced by layering might have characterised the large garden of\u00a0the House of Queen Caroline<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 named in the 19th century after\u00a0the queen of Naples and sister of Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a>, Caroline, who visited during its initial excavation. I am\u00a0currently excavating<\/a>\u00a0the site in Pompeii in collaboration with colleagues from Cornell University. Here wide walkways seem to have separated the regularly spaced plantings, an indication that it was not a commercial orchard but a garden in which horticultural productivity was an important part of the pleasure the garden was meant to offer.<\/p>\n

Committed to exercise<\/h2>\n

Walking in their gardens was a serious exercise for many wealthy Romans. Medical works such as the\u00a0de Medicina<\/em><\/a>\u00a0by the encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus, written in the first century AD, give specific indications about the daily exercise physicians recommended: one Roman mile, or 1,000 paces.<\/p>\n

Some gardens even came with exercise advice inscribed in them detailing how many laps a person needed to cover. One such\u00a0inscription<\/a>\u00a0from Rome once stood in an ancient orchard. It advised that to cover one mile one needed to go along the path back and forth five times.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0Hadrian\u2019s Villa\u00a0in Tivoli, Italy, a similar inscription was found in the\u00a0Poikil\u00e9<\/em>, the large four-sided portico enclosing a garden with a central pool. The north side of the\u00a0Poikil\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0was a double portico, with circular spaces at both ends to allow one to do laps: this was where the emperor could walk sheltered from the elements. Thus, Hadrian could either take exercise in the open air, in the central garden, or under the roof of the double portico.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"
Excavation of a planting pit, a Roman plant pot is starting to appear. Such pots are usually found partially or completely buried in gardens and planters. Author provided<\/figcaption><\/figure>
<\/figcaption>
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

All this may suggest that the stereotype associating ancient Romans with excessive drinking and eating is undeserved. But, for wealthy individuals, moving about in a chariot or being carried around in a litter (a \u201cvehicle\u201d without wheels) by slaves in hippodrome-gardens (they were shaped like an elongated U and imitated the shape of the chariot-racing stadium) also counted as \u201cexercising\u201d. Indeed, there are two words in Latin texts for the daily walk:\u00a0ambulatio<\/em>, \u201cwalking about\u201d, and\u00a0gestatio<\/em>, \u201cbeing carried about\u201d.<\/p>\n

Such walking was the pastime of those who owned impressive townhouses or luxurious villas in the country or by the sea. But shrewd politicians such as the Emperor Augustus, who ruled from 27 BC to 14 AD, included gardens among the public building projects they financed. They understood that improving living standards by providing ordinary people with a green oasis to escape Rome\u2019s crowded streets and cramped accommodation was a great way to gain popularity. Augustus opened to the public the groves and walks which surrounded the magnificent Mausoleum<\/a>\u00a0he had built, and before him, Caesar had willed to the people of Rome his large pleasure park (Horti<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Following the Roman dichotomy between\u00a0amoenitas<\/em>\u00a0(delightfulness) and\u00a0utilitas (usefulness)<\/em>, scholars traditionally class gardens as either utilitarian or pleasure gardens, but this binary choice does not fully capture the essence of Roman garden culture. Roman gardens were complex physical and ideological spaces. They represented wealth and contributed to wealth and they showed off horticultural skills through aesthetics as well as their ability to produce food.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Annalisa Marzano <\/a>\u00a0is <\/span>Professor of Ancient History, University of Reading.\u00a0 She receives funding\u00a0 from the Leverhulme Trust and serves on the Board of Trustees for the Herculaneum Society, a registered charity.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

This article was first published in The Conversation on 20 May 2020.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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