{"id":20756,"date":"2020-07-09T17:14:29","date_gmt":"2020-07-09T16:14:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=20756"},"modified":"2021-11-12T10:15:07","modified_gmt":"2021-11-12T10:15:07","slug":"renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/","title":{"rendered":"Renewable energy supply and demand during lockdown \u2013 and the best time to bake bread"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Britain generated\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2020\/jun\/25\/renewable-energy-breaks-uk-record-in-first-quarter-of-2020\">nearly half of its electricity<\/a> from renewable sources in the first three months of 2020. And then the pandemic happened, and all of a sudden, energy demand dropped dramatically as offices, shops and restaurants closed and people stayed home.\u00a0Energy demand patterns are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=S8rvyT8yZNU&amp;feature=youtu.be\">largely driven by our activities<\/a>. Peaks in demand exist simply because, at certain times of day, there are a lot of people doing a lot of things that all require electricity.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-20760\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-272x182.jpg 272w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Not all days are the same, hard though that may have been to believe during the monotony of lockdown. During \u201cnormal\u201d times,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Peak-Energy-Demand-and-Demand-Side-Response-1st-Edition\/Torriti\/p\/book\/9781138064942\">peaks are higher<\/a>\u00a0on weekdays than weekends because there is more activity, with factories and shops open longer. During the lockdown, energy demand on weekdays was so much lower that it\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/we-analysed-electricity-demand-and-found-coronavirus-has-turned-weekdays-into-weekends-134606\">looked more like it usually does on weekends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>We wanted to know how that might have affected the amount of Britain\u2019s electricity demand that was met by renewable energy, so we took a closer look at days during lockdown and compared them with the same period in 2019.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n<figure style=\"width: 754px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/343593\/original\/file-20200623-188926-1evk1gv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/343593\/original\/file-20200623-188926-1evk1gv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"377\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">T. Yunusov; Data: National Grid ESO,\u00a0Author provided<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"enlarge_hint\"><\/div><figcaption><\/figcaption><figure style=\"width: 754px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/343594\/original\/file-20200623-188911-sqlcuj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/343594\/original\/file-20200623-188911-sqlcuj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"377\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">T. Yunusov; Data: National Grid ESO,\u00a0Author provided<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure>\n<h2>Lower demand, cleaner power<\/h2>\n<p>Weekday evening peaks (between 4pm and 8pm) occur because people tend to return home around the same time and switch lights on, prepare dinner and watch TV. But these evening peaks often don\u2019t align with the times when energy from renewables \u2013 particular solar, but also wind and hydroelectric \u2013 is abundant. To meet demand at that time of day, extra power generation is needed, which is mainly supplied from fossil fuels. Using this extra generation to match peak demand results in higher carbon emissions and higher costs, which are reflected in consumer bills.<\/p>\n<p>But for weekdays during lockdown, evening peaks were much lower. And the overall decrease in demand in turn reduced the need for this extra generation, meaning that the energy we consumed was cleaner, compared with pre-lockdown peaks. The larger the share of renewable energy in the supply mix, the lower the overall carbon intensity (how much CO\u2082 is emitted to generate a particular amount of energy) of power generation.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n<figure style=\"width: 754px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/343592\/original\/file-20200623-188931-14eko8h.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/343592\/original\/file-20200623-188931-14eko8h.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"283\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">T. Yunusov; Data: National Grid ESO,\u00a0Author provided<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"enlarge_hint\"><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Energy demand and the carbon intensity of power generation at peak times during lockdown, the two months leading up to lockdown and the same period in 2019.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Thanks to lower demand during lockdown,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgrideso.com\/electricity-explained\">Britain\u2019s national grid<\/a>\u00a0was\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UK_Coal\/status\/1273008882785419264\">coal-free for almost 68 days<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the longest time since 1882, when the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.wwf.org.uk\/blog\/climate-energy\/time-dethrone-king-coal\/\">world\u2019s first coal-fired power station opened<\/a>\u00a0on Holborn Viaduct in central London.<\/p>\n<div data-react-class=\"Tweet\" data-react-props=\"{&quot;tweetId&quot;:&quot;1273008882785419264&quot;}\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.08px\">This is great news, of course, but while evening peaks were lower than during normal times, they were still present. In an ideal scenario where CO\u2082 emissions are close to zero, demand wouldn\u2019t overload the grid at certain times of day, prompting back-up generation by fossil fuels to cover the shortfall. Instead, energy demand would be flexible and adapt in real time to the levels of clean power available. But how is it possible to match demand to renewable energy supply?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The best time to bake<\/h2>\n<p>The first (and perhaps the simplest) way to make demand more flexible is through price incentives.<\/p>\n<p>Typically, our bills are based on flat tariffs, meaning we\u2019re charged a price that averages out our use when the prices of electricity are higher at peak times and when they\u2019re lower during off-peak periods.<\/p>\n<p>But some suppliers offer flexible tariffs based on the actual cost of generating electricity at different times of day. And in some cases, this means that customers are reimbursed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/octopus.energy\/blog\/social-distancing-renewable-energy-negative-pricing\/\">when prices turn negative<\/a>, which usually happens when demand is low and generation by renewables is high.<\/p>\n<p>Another way to increase the flexibility of energy demand is through a voluntary shift by consumers. If more of us can time our activities to moments in the day when electricity generation by renewables is highest, we can contribute to reducing emissions from the energy sector.<\/p>\n<p>The shortage of flour in supermarkets during lockdown was almost certainly due to an increase in the number of people baking. What if they could choose the best time of their day to bake, based on when renewable energy generation was at its daily peak \u2013 and the carbon intensity of the grid is at its corresponding nadir?<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n<figure style=\"width: 754px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/344513\/original\/file-20200629-155308-4dr75t.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/344513\/original\/file-20200629-155308-4dr75t.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"201\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">J. Ramirez-Mendiola<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"enlarge_hint\"><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Good periods to bake in May 2020 (green area) versus bad periods to bake (red area), according to electricity demand (yellow line) and the percentage of renewable generation (green line).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/shouldibake.com\/\">One website<\/a>\u00a0is trying to help people do just that, offering suggestions each day for the best times to bake.<\/p>\n<p>Typically, the best times for green baking are when more than one-third of the electricity we use is being generated by renewables, which normally occurs around the middle of the day when there is plenty of sunshine and wind. But on very sunny or windy days, these greener periods in Britain\u2019s electricity generation can extend much longer, making it even easier to be environmentally friendly, while still enjoying the conveniences that electricity offers, such as baking tasty bread, preparing a meal in a slow cooker or charging an electric car.<\/p>\n<p>Every little helps, and being mindful of when green energy generation is at its daily peak could lead to bigger reductions in carbon emission in a shorter time than governments and utilities are currently working towards. So long as we don\u2019t run out of flour, that is.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/CME\/about\/staff\/j-torriti.aspx\">Jacopo Torriti<\/a> is Professor of Energy Economics and Policy and <span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.08px\">Jose Luis Ramirez-Mendiola and Timur Yunusov are Postdoctoral Researchers on <a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/energy-environmental-engineering\/\">Flexibility in Energy Demand<\/a>, in the School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread-141345\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Britain generated\u00a0nearly half of its electricity from renewable sources in the first three months of 2020. And then the pandemic happened, and all of a sudden, energy demand dropped dramatically&#8230;<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#45;&#98;&#108;&#111;&#103;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#48;&#47;&#48;&#55;&#47;&#48;&#57;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#110;&#101;&#119;&#97;&#98;&#108;&#101;&#45;&#101;&#110;&#101;&#114;&#103;&#121;&#45;&#115;&#117;&#112;&#112;&#108;&#121;&#45;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#45;&#100;&#101;&#109;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#45;&#100;&#117;&#114;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#45;&#108;&#111;&#99;&#107;&#100;&#111;&#119;&#110;&#45;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#45;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#45;&#98;&#101;&#115;&#116;&#45;&#116;&#105;&#109;&#101;&#45;&#116;&#111;&#45;&#98;&#97;&#107;&#101;&#45;&#98;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":143,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1716,1715,1596,1367],"class_list":["post-20756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environment","tag-electricity-demand","tag-energy-economics","tag-lockdown","tag-renewable-energy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Renewable energy supply and demand during lockdown \u2013 and the best time to bake bread - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Renewable energy supply and demand during lockdown \u2013 and the best time to bake bread - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Britain generated\u00a0nearly half of its electricity from renewable sources in the first three months of 2020. And then the pandemic happened, and all of a sudden, energy demand dropped dramatically...Read More &gt;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-07-09T16:14:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-11-12T10:15:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/Unorganized\/baking-bread_Image-by-fancycrave1-from-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Caroline Knowles\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Caroline Knowles\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Caroline Knowles\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/52eb219d2de7c8acd2dcbbf5f57de6e7\"},\"headline\":\"Renewable energy supply and demand during lockdown \u2013 and the best time to bake bread\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-09T16:14:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-11-12T10:15:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/\"},\"wordCount\":990,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Electricity demand\",\"Energy economics\",\"lockdown\",\"renewable energy\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Environment\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/09\/renewable-energy-supply-and-demand-during-lockdown-and-the-best-time-to-bake-bread\/\",\"name\":\"Renewable energy supply and demand during lockdown \u2013 and the best time to bake bread - 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