{"id":20806,"date":"2020-07-22T18:02:21","date_gmt":"2020-07-22T17:02:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=20806"},"modified":"2021-11-11T09:39:57","modified_gmt":"2021-11-11T09:39:57","slug":"the-ten-factors-linked-to-increased-risk-of-alzheimers-disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/07\/22\/the-ten-factors-linked-to-increased-risk-of-alzheimers-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"The ten factors linked to increased risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"},"content":{"rendered":"

Although there\u2019s still no cure, researchers are continuing to develop a better understanding of what increases a person\u2019s risk of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Here, Dr Mark Dallas outlines the ten risk factors that a review of 396 studies has highlighted as increasing the likelihood of developing the disease.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

1. Education level<\/h2>\n

A lower education level is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Previous evidence shows the longer you spend in education, the\u00a0lower your risk<\/a>\u00a0of developing dementia.\u00a0Research<\/a>\u00a0looking at the brains of people from different educational backgrounds also showed that people who were more educated had heavier brains. As you lose\u00a0one third<\/a>\u00a0of your brain weight because of dementia, a heavier brain may make you more resilient.<\/p>\n

2. Cognitive activity<\/h2>\n

Evidence shows that\u00a0keeping our brains active<\/a>\u00a0can also fight against dementia. Activities such as word puzzles stimulate your brain and can strengthen connectivity between brain cells. This\u00a0connectivity is broken down<\/a>\u00a0in dementia.<\/p>\n

This latest study shows that we need to continue keeping our brains active, even in older age. Other studies agree that challenging our brains does indeed\u00a0reduce our chances<\/a>\u00a0of developing dementia.<\/p>\n

3. Hypertension in mid-life<\/h2>\n

Healthy hearts have long been\u00a0linked to a healthy brain<\/a>. Here, the current study indicates that high blood pressure (hypertension) in middle age increases Alzheimer\u2019s risk.<\/p>\n

Higher incidence of heart disease in those suffering from\u00a0high blood pressure<\/a>\u00a0impacts on the blood and nutrient supply to the brain. Interestingly, this association still exists even for those\u00a0who have<\/a>\u00a0high blood pressure on its own. The bottom line is that\u00a0reduced blood supply<\/a>\u00a0to the brain is linked with Alzheimer\u2019s.<\/p>\n

4. Orthostatic hypotension<\/h2>\n

The study also highlighted orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor. This is when someone experiences low blood pressure when standing after sitting or lying down.<\/p>\n

Because the body is unable to maintain sufficient blood supply to the brain during posture changes, this can have a\u00a0long-term debilitating influence<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0brain activity<\/a>, as a result of lack of oxygen to the brain, which increases risk of dementia.<\/p>\n

5. Diabetes<\/h2>\n

The study found diabetes was associated with higher incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s. As diabetes makes our body unable to properly regulate insulin, this changes both the way our brain cells communicate and our memory function \u2013 both of which are\u00a0disrupted in Alzheimer\u2019s disease<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Insulin is essential<\/a>, as it regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by helping blood glucose absorb into the liver, fat and muscles. Alzheimer\u2019s disease appears to disrupts the brain\u2019s ability to\u00a0react to insulin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

6. BMI<\/h2>\n

A higher body mass index (BMI) in under 65s is linked to increased risk of dementia. The study suggests a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 for those under 65 \u2013 a healthy weight, in other words \u2013 may lower dementia risk. However,\u00a0being underweight<\/a>\u00a0in middle age and later life can increase dementia risk.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

It\u2019s thought that a mixture of genetics, cardiovascular diseases and inflammation all contribute to this association between BMI and dementia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Image by Bruno \/Germany from Pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

7. Head trauma<\/h2>\n

Past head trauma is a risk factor \u2013 and there is clear evidence that\u00a0head trauma<\/a>, such as a concussion, can contribute to the\u00a0development of dementia<\/a>. This link was\u00a0first observed in 1928<\/a>.<\/p>\n

However, it\u2019s uncertain whether single or repetitive head trauma is the contributing factor. It\u2019s clear that brain damage from head trauma is similar to that of dementia. This makes people more susceptible to\u00a0further damage later<\/a>\u00a0from dementia.<\/p>\n

8. Hyperhomocysteinaemia<\/h2>\n

High levels of the chemical homocysteine are a risk factor. Homocysteine is a naturally occurring amino acid involved in the production of our body\u2019s defence mechanisms, including antioxidants that\u00a0prevent cellular damage<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Elevated blood levels of homocysteine in people with dementia was\u00a0first reported<\/a>\u00a0in 1998. Studies have since shown that\u00a0reducing levels<\/a>\u00a0of homocysteine may\u00a0protect against dementia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Animal studies suggest elevated levels of homocysteine\u00a0damage brain cells<\/a>\u00a0by interfering with their energy production. Consuming more\u00a0folate and vitamin B12<\/a>\u00a0can lower homocysteine levels \u2013 and may\u00a0reduce dementia risk<\/a>.<\/p>\n

9. Depression<\/h2>\n

Those living with Alzheimer\u2019s also often\u00a0suffer from depression<\/a>, though it\u2019s uncertain if depression causes Alzheimer\u2019s or is just a symptom of the disease. However, a wealth of evidence supports that depression is indeed a risk factor, as this latest study has found. Research has even\u00a0indicated a link<\/a>\u00a0between the\u00a0number of<\/a>\u00a0depressive episodes \u2013 especially ten years prior to dementia onset \u2013 and higher risk.<\/p>\n

Depression increases levels of harmful chemicals in our brain. An imbalance in these chemicals can lead to\u00a0loss of brain cells<\/a>. This, coupled with the loss of brain cells in dementia, increases likelihood of Alzheimer\u2019s.<\/p>\n

10. Stress<\/h2>\n

Lastly, stress was identified as a risk factor. Long term stress targets our body\u2019s immune cells, which are important in\u00a0keeping dementia at bay<\/a>. In particular, the hormone cortisol is shown to contribute to stress and can\u00a0impact on memory<\/a>. Aiming to reduce stress and\u00a0cortisol levels<\/a>\u00a0can therefore reduce the chances of\u00a0developing dementia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This study offers a complex picture of how we can combat the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s \u2013 as well as ten areas that scientists need to concentrate on researching in the future. Though the findings may seem bleak, there is some promise in that many of these risk factors can be managed or modified through lifestyle changes, including\u00a0diet and exercise<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mark Dallas Associate Professor in Cellular Neuroscience, University of Reading<\/p>\n

This article was first published in The Conversation<\/a> on 22 July 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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