{"id":20922,"date":"2020-09-01T12:26:27","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T11:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=20922"},"modified":"2020-09-01T12:26:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T11:26:55","slug":"are-women-leaders-really-doing-better-on-coronavirus-the-data-backs-it-up","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/09\/01\/are-women-leaders-really-doing-better-on-coronavirus-the-data-backs-it-up\/","title":{"rendered":"Are women leaders really doing better on coronavirus? The data backs it up"},"content":{"rendered":"

Over the last few months, there has been much discussion of leadership during the pandemic. What constitutes good leadership? Who has performed better and which countries have been worse? One pattern that emerged early on was that female leaders were seen to have handled the crisis remarkably well. Whether it has been New Zealand under Jacinda Ardern or Taiwan under the presidency of\u00a0Tsai Ing-Wen<\/a>\u00a0or Germany under Angela Merkel, female-led countries have been held up as examples of how to manage a pandemic.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

We decided to\u00a0investigate<\/a>\u00a0whether this anecdotal perception stands up to more systematic scrutiny. To do this, we analysed how leaders around the world reacted to the early days of the pandemic to see whether differences in performance can be explained by differences in policy measures adopted by male and female leaders.<\/p>\n

Two qualifications need to be kept in mind: first, we are only at the start of the pandemic and much could change in the next few months. Second, the quality of data currently available is limited. Inadequate testing means that case numbers are probably an underestimate. The way deaths are registered also varies across countries.<\/p>\n

There are far fewer female-led countries in the world when compared to male-led. Just 10% in our sample of 194 countries have women as national leaders. Given the small number of female-led countries, the most appropriate way to consider their performance is to match them with \u201csimilar\u201d male-led countries. We did this by matching countries with similar profiles for the\u00a0socio-demographic and economic characteristics<\/a>\u00a0that have been seen as important in the transmission of COVID-19.<\/p>\n

In the first instance, we compared countries with similar GDP per capita, population, population density and population over 65 years. We then extended our matching variables to include three other characteristics: annual health expenditure per capita, number of tourists entering the country and gender equality.<\/p>\n

These comparisons threw up clear differences between female-led and similar male-led countries during the first quarter of the pandemic (up to mid-May).<\/p>\n

Hong Kong, which is led by a woman, recorded 1,056 cases and four deaths while Singapore, which has a similar economy and comparable demographic characteristics, but is led by a man, recorded 28,794 cases and 22 deaths in the same period. Similarly, Norway, led by a woman, had 8,257 cases and 233 deaths, while Ireland, led by a man, recorded 24,200 cases and 1,547 deaths. Taiwan recorded 440 cases and seven deaths while South Korea had 11,078 cases and 263 deaths.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n
<\/div>
Comparing cases across similar countries.<\/span>\u00a0Constructed by authors from various sources Worldometer, UNDP, and the World Bank.<\/span>,\u00a0Author provided<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Data
F-led and M-led countries matched using GDP\/pc, Pop, Pop Density and Pop over 65.<\/span>\u00a0Constructed by authors from various sources Worldometer, UNDP, and the World Bank.<\/span>,\u00a0Author provided<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Countries led by women have performed better, especially in terms of deaths and this is true whether we consider the nearest comparable nation, the nearest two, three or even five. Belgium is an outlier, having appeared to perform badly on cases and deaths while led by a woman. But despite its inclusion, the overall results regarding women-led countries stands.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n
<\/div>
Comparing Covid deaths across similar nations.<\/span>\u00a0Constructed by authors from various sources Worldometer, UNDP, and the World Bank.<\/span>,\u00a0Author provided<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For example, Finland was better than Sweden, Austria and France in terms of both cases and deaths. Germany was better than France and the UK. Bangladesh fared better than the Phillippines and Pakistan in terms of deaths.<\/p>\n

Taking risks<\/h2>\n

Analysing what might cause this differential performance, we find that the female-led countries locked down significantly earlier than the male-led countries. Female-led countries like New Zealand and Germany locked down much more quickly and decisively than male-led ones like the UK. On average, they had 22 deaths fewer at lockdown when compared to their male counterparts.<\/p>\n

We considered whether these results might imply that women leaders are more risk averse.\u00a0Literature on<\/a>\u00a0attitudes to risk and uncertainty suggests that women \u2013 even those in leadership roles \u2013 appear to be more averse to risk\u00a0than men<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Indeed, in the current crisis, several incidents of risky behaviour by male leaders have been reported. Brazil\u2019s Jair Bolsonaro dismissed COVID-19 as\u00a0\u201ca little flu or a bit of a cold\u201d<\/a>\u00a0and UK prime minister Boris Johnson said he \u201cshook hands with everybody\u201d on a hospital visit. Both men subsequently contracted the virus.<\/p>\n

However, this is a simplistic explanation. While women leaders were risk averse with regard to lives, they have clearly been prepared to take significant and early risks with their economies by locking down early. So women leaders seem to have been significantly more risk averse in the domain of human life, but more risk taking in the domain of the economy.<\/p>\n

We find some support for this idea in studies that examine risk-taking behaviour when lotteries are framed as losses. Men are found to be more risk averse than women when lotteries are framed as\u00a0financial losses rather than gains<\/a>. It could well be that the relatively late lockdown decisions by male leaders may reflect male risk aversion to anticipated losses from locking down the economy.<\/p>\n

Leadership style<\/h2>\n

Another explanation of gender differences in response to the pandemic is to be found in the leadership styles of men and women.\u00a0Studies suggest<\/a>\u00a0that men are likely to lead in a \u201ctask-oriented\u201d style and women in an \u201cinterpersonally-oriented\u201d manner. Women therefore tend to adopt a more democratic and participative style and tend to have better communications skills.<\/p>\n

This has been in evidence during this crisis in the decisive and clear communication styles adopted by several female leaders, whether it be Norway\u2019s prime minister Erna Solberg\u00a0speaking directly to children<\/a>\u00a0or Ardern checking in with her citizens through\u00a0Facebook lives<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Our findings show that COVID-outcomes in the early stages of the pandemic were systematically and significantly better in countries led by women. This, to some extent, may be explained by the proactive policy responses they adopted. Even accounting for institutional context and other controls, being female-led has provided countries with an advantage in the current crisis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Professor Uma S. Kambhampati<\/a>\u00a0is Head of School of Politics, Economics and International Relations at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

Supriya Garikipati<\/a> is Associate Professor of Development Economics, University of Liverpool<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.\u00a0Read the original article here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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