{"id":20980,"date":"2020-09-14T09:05:29","date_gmt":"2020-09-14T08:05:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=20980"},"modified":"2021-11-15T10:59:18","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T10:59:18","slug":"bolivia-reverses-years-of-progress-with-new-draconian-cocaine-policy-supported-by-the-eu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/09\/14\/bolivia-reverses-years-of-progress-with-new-draconian-cocaine-policy-supported-by-the-eu\/","title":{"rendered":"Bolivia reverses years of progress with new draconian cocaine policy, supported by the EU"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Bolivia has seen\u00a0widespread public protests<\/a>\u00a0in recent months against the interim government, led by Jeanine A\u00f1ez, which has twice postponed elections due to coronavirus. Her government has repeatedly violated its mandate by passing new laws and persecuting its political opponents, including\u00a0coca growers<\/a>\u00a0in the Chapare region east of Cochabamba, who\u00a0we collaborate<\/a>\u00a0with on\u00a0research projects<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bolivia is the world\u2019s third largest producer of cocaine, a drug manufactured from coca leaves, which is central to Andean culture. Under the previous government of Evo Morales, coca growers benefited from\u00a0a programme<\/a>\u00a0that allowed them to cultivate a plot of coca up to 2,500 square metres, and actively engaged farmers to self-police to respect these limits.<\/p>\n

This policy, which emphasised community participation and respect for human rights, was lauded and funded by the\u00a0European Union<\/a>. Internationally recognised in the\u00a0mainstream press<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0best practice<\/a>\u00a0in this area, Bolivia\u2019s community coca control programme has long served as an example for cooperation\u00a0in other parts<\/a>\u00a0of the world.<\/p>\n

But this approach was recently reversed. One former EU official in the country confidentially told us that this represents a \u201csignificant setback\u201d. Yet the EU has been helping to make this happen.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Programa de Apoyo de Control Social, Author provided<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

In February, the EU <\/span>promised to<\/a>\u00a0provide \u20ac10 million (\u00a39 million) in drug control funding for Bolivia\u2019s interim government, and support its new \u201cdrug free\u201d five-year strategy. On August 16, the Bolivian press reported that the EU representative to Bolivia, Joerg Schreiber,\u00a0<\/span>had affirmed<\/a>\u00a0this commitment.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

This sparked criticism from former interim president and ex-head of the supreme court\u00a0Eduardo Rodr\u00edquez<\/a>\u00a0and former president\u00a0Evo Morales<\/a>. Support of Bolivia\u2019s new drug control strategy stands in stark contrast to the EU\u2019s long-term focus in Bolivia and its internal policy guidelines.<\/p>\n

An interim government<\/h2>\n

Jeanine A\u00f1ez came to power without a\u00a0constitutional mandate<\/a>\u00a0on November 12 2019, two days after Morales was forced to resign at the military\u2019s \u201crequest\u201d after a police mutiny. The next day, the military unleashed lethal force against demonstrators protesting Morales\u2019 ousting.<\/p>\n

Human rights violations, arbitrary detentions and threats against human rights defenders soon followed, as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights\u00a0Michelle Bachelet<\/a>\u00a0has\u00a0frequently noted<\/a>. A\u00f1ez\u2019s interim government\u00a0has rejected<\/a>\u00a0Bachelet\u2019s statements as \u201csubjective, erroneous assumptions\u201d and an \u201cattack against democracy expressed by the people\u201d.<\/p>\n

The post-election crisis last year resulted in\u00a0at least<\/a>\u00a035 deaths and 800 injuries, most of them during army and police operations. Dozens of former government officials and people related to the former administration have been persecuted.<\/p>\n

Bolivia\u2019s Interior Minister, Arturo Murillo, continuously makes troubling public statements. He has, for example,\u00a0referred to<\/a>\u00a0people with drug dependency as \u201cthe worst scourge of humanity\u201d.<\/p>\n

He joined the rest of A\u00f1ez\u2019s cabinet in signing a law guaranteeing impunity for police and military actions that led to the death of\u00a0ten coca growers<\/a>\u00a0and the wounding of over 100 others on November 15. A subsequent military and police attack on unarmed protesters left\u00a011 dead<\/a>\u00a0and scores injured.<\/p>\n

Collaboration or conflict<\/h2>\n

The \u201ccommunity coca control<\/a>\u201d programme adopted during the Morales years (2006-2019) focused on working with coca leaf growers to shrink crops destined for illegal markets, while increasing human rights, alternatives to coca and permitting traditional uses of the plant. This successfully reduced illegal production, and was\u00a0hailed by<\/a>\u00a0the UN Development Programme as an innovative approach superior to decades of forced eradication.<\/p>\n

The A\u00f1ez government quickly drafted its own\u00a0drug strategy<\/a>, \u201cTogether and Drug Free,\u201d in coordination with the EU technical experts and DITISA, an EU-funded consulting firm. The strategy was later later rebranded as \u201cBolivia: Drug Free<\/a>\u201d after the original name provoked outcry that the EU was granting legitimacy to A\u00f1ez\u2019s government by incorporating her party\u2019s name (Together) in the title.<\/p>\n

It presents a hardline and often muddled stance on drug use, interdiction and supply control issues, demonstrating little knowledge of existing Bolivian policy or national dynamics. Its authors copied text from the US international narcotics control\u00a0strategy report<\/a>\u00a0and press articles word for word and dismissed the previous strategy as \u201cpermissive and impractical\u201d and \u201cmerely a political discourse\u201d.<\/p>\n

Aggressive statements from key high-ranking A\u00f1ez officials characterise Chapare coca farmers as \u201cnarco-terrorists<\/a>\u201d. Ongoing threats of intervention against growers by Bolivia\u2019s security forces fly in the face of longstanding EU policy in the country.<\/p>\n

A\u00f1ez\u00a0announced<\/a>\u00a0the plan on state television only 11 days after the EU announced funding, but the full text wasn\u2019t made available to the public until three months later. \u201cThis lack of transparency is problematic,\u201d a Bolivian drug policy expert who asked to not be identified told us. \u201cNeither government nor the EU has provided information about the action plan that has to accompany all EU-funded strategies\u201d.<\/p>\n

The strategy also fails to comply with EU\u00a0gender and generational<\/a>\u00a0funding requirements. Although the policy cites a focus on \u201cvulnerable populations\u201d, it makes no reference to accompanying integrated development with direct involvement of the project beneficiaries, another\u00a0EU requisite<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Loss of trust<\/h2>\n

The lack of consultation as well as the A\u00f1ez government\u2019s suspension of existing development projects has eroded the high level of trust in government that\u00a0previously existed<\/a>\u00a0in coca-growing regions.<\/p>\n

\u201cBefore, we worked closely with the European Union to control coca so as to stay within the legal limits,\u201d a coca-grower leader who didn\u2019t want his name used because of fear of government retaliation told us. \u201cWe want to keep doing this, but everything has broken down with this de facto government. They don\u2019t communicate or coordinate with us at all.\u201d<\/p>\n

The EU had\u00a0actively explored<\/a>\u00a0adapting the previous policy to neighbouring countries. But now, the lessons from the community-based experience are quickly being lost. \u201cIt would be a disaster to lose all the progress Bolivia made on coca control,\u201d lamented one drug policy expert. \u201cThe technical focus has gone down the drain.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Thomas Girsaffi is a Lecturer in Human Geography in the Department of Geography and Environmental Science.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bolivia has seen\u00a0widespread public protests\u00a0in recent months against the interim government, led by Jeanine A\u00f1ez, which has twice postponed elections due to coronavirus. Her government has repeatedly violated its mandate…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[273,1506,452,693],"class_list":["post-20980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environment","tag-drugs","tag-geography-and-environmental-science","tag-human-rights","tag-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBolivia reverses years of progress with new draconian cocaine policy, supported by the EU - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/09\/14\/bolivia-reverses-years-of-progress-with-new-draconian-cocaine-policy-supported-by-the-eu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bolivia reverses years of progress with new draconian cocaine policy, supported by the EU - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bolivia has seen\u00a0widespread public protests\u00a0in recent months against the interim government, led by Jeanine A\u00f1ez, which has twice postponed elections due to coronavirus. 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