{"id":21051,"date":"2020-10-01T07:59:24","date_gmt":"2020-10-01T06:59:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=21051"},"modified":"2020-10-08T07:19:39","modified_gmt":"2020-10-08T06:19:39","slug":"biodiversity-where-the-world-is-making-progress-and-where-its-not","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2020\/10\/01\/biodiversity-where-the-world-is-making-progress-and-where-its-not\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity: where the world is making progress \u2013 and where it\u2019s not"},"content":{"rendered":"

The future of biodiversity hangs in the balance.\u00a0World leaders are gathering<\/a>\u00a0to review international targets and make\u00a0new pledges for action<\/a>\u00a0to stem wildlife declines. Depending on whether you are a glass half-full or half-empty person, you\u2019re likely to have different views on their progress so far.<\/p>\n

More than 175 countries agreed to\u00a020 targets<\/a>\u00a0under the banner of the\u00a0Convention for Biological Diversity<\/a>, which was signed in 1992. The most recent plan, published in 2010, was to halt the extinction of species and populations by 2020 to prevent the destruction of global ecosystems and to staunch the loss of genetic diversity \u2013 the variety within the DNA of species\u2019 populations, which helps them adapt to a changing environment.<\/p>\n

But the targets were\u00a0missed<\/a>. An optimist might say that\u2019s because they were laudably ambitious, and we\u2019re making good progress nonetheless. The protection of land particularly rich in biodiversity has increased from\u00a029% to 44% in just a decade<\/a>, which is a huge policy achievement. On the other hand, we failed to halt global biodiversity loss during\u00a0a previous round<\/a>\u00a0of global targets ending in 2010 and, a decade later, we are still far behind where we need to be.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0recent UN report<\/a>\u00a0compiled detailed assessments of the world\u2019s progress towards each of the 20 targets. It highlights some small victories, and where the greatest gulfs exist between present action and necessary ambition.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The good news<\/h2>\n

The international community has made progress on several goals. We have improved our global capacity to assess biodiversity trends, and funding for conservation roughly doubled over the previous decade to\u00a0USD$78-91 billion annually<\/a>.<\/p>\n

There is now an international protocol governing the fair sharing of genetic resources discovered in nature, so they cannot be plundered by companies from rich countries. This gives countries added incentives to protect their biodiversity, which might lead to new medicines or technologies for use in food production.<\/p>\n

Two of the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss are habitat destruction and invasive species. Through scientific research and monitoring programmes, scientists are now better at identifying the pathways by which invasive species colonise vulnerable habitats. Protected areas have expanded across the globe too. Achim Steiner, leader of the UN Development Programme,\u00a0stated<\/a>\u00a0that the world is on track to achieve protection of 17% of land and 10% of marine areas identified under the programme\u00a0by the end of 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n

All this has had a tangible effect. Up to four times as many birds and mammals likely\u00a0would have become extinct<\/a>\u00a0in the past three decades without such actions.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

The bad news<\/h2>\n

So far, so good. But all these successes are partial and ambiguous. Yes, we have increased funding for biodiversity, but this is still swamped by more than \u00a3500 billion in\u00a0environmentally harmful subsidies<\/a>, such as aid for the fossil fuel industry. Although we have identified more of the ways in which invasive species spread, there has been limited progress in actually controlling them. Though a significant area of the world is now designated as \u201cprotected\u201d, management within these areas is still often inadequate.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s more, for many of the other targets, things have actually got worse. The loss and fragmentation of the world\u2019s forests continues, depriving biodiversity of habitat and exacerbating climate change. Deforestation rates are only\u00a0one-third lower<\/a>\u00a0in 2020 compared to 2010, and may be\u00a0accelerating again in some areas<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Essential ecosystem services \u2013 such as the provision of clean water, soil for farming and pollinating insects \u2013 continue to deteriorate, affecting women, indigenous communities, and the poor and vulnerable more than others. We are still unable to even track changes in the genetic diversity of wild species, meaning we cannot assess these\u00a0hidden changes in biodiversity<\/a>\u00a0which are important for the long-term resilience of a species.<\/p>\n

The fundamental problem is that we have failed to address the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss. Targets for reducing pollution, habitat loss and climate change all show negative progress. We have achieved several easy wins, but the tougher challenges remain. Overcoming these will mean stopping the activities that are at the root of biodiversity loss.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

We need better regulation of harmful chemicals which pollute the environment. Of the over 100,000 chemicals used in Europe today, only a small fraction are thoroughly evaluated<\/a>\u00a0or regulated by authorities, despite many causing harm to\u00a0health and the environment<\/a>. We need strong trade policies that prevent the destruction of primary rainforest for products such as palm oil and soy. Perhaps most of all, we need radical action on climate change, which is expected to\u00a0overtake other drivers<\/a>\u00a0to be the number one cause of biodiversity loss in coming years.<\/p>\n

These systemic changes require action from states and industries. But we can also take action as citizens and consumers. We need fundamental changes in the way we live \u2013\u00a0how we invest our money<\/a>,\u00a0the food we eat<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0how we travel<\/a>. Each of us, making internet orders at the click of a button, has hidden power to influence the state of the planet. What we choose to buy, or not to buy, can help decide whether wild species flourish across the globe.<\/p>\n

If world leaders fail to regulate unsustainable markets, then we need to be even more savvy about potentially harmful connections to the natural world that lie behind our purchases. Perhaps then we can start to be both optimistic and realistic about the state of our planet\u2019s biodiversity.<\/p>\n

Tom Oliver is a professor of appied ecology in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The future of biodiversity hangs in the balance.\u00a0World leaders are gathering\u00a0to review international targets and make\u00a0new pledges for action\u00a0to stem wildlife declines. 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