{"id":23451,"date":"2022-02-04T08:55:14","date_gmt":"2022-02-04T08:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=23451"},"modified":"2022-02-14T17:27:42","modified_gmt":"2022-02-14T17:27:42","slug":"how-tiny-living-spaces-affect-our-wellbeing-individually-and-societally","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/02\/04\/how-tiny-living-spaces-affect-our-wellbeing-individually-and-societally\/","title":{"rendered":"How tiny living spaces affect our wellbeing \u2013 individually and societally"},"content":{"rendered":"

In cities around the world, tiny living spaces are becoming increasingly common. An estimated 200,000 people in Hong Kong live in what are called \u201ccoffin homes<\/a>\u201d \u2013 subdivided units so small that a person cannot even fully stretch out their legs.<\/p>\n

Such stories are exotic fodder for the British press, but in the UK too, tiny living spaces are on the rise. Over the past 20 years, the average private renter in Britain has seen their individual living space\u00a0decrease<\/a>\u00a0from 31 sq metres in 1996 to 25 sq metres, as more and more people are forced to reside in\u00a0shared accommodation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Hong<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

As advanced economies have become centred around urban growth, housing supply has\u00a0failed to respond<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0price of land<\/a>\u00a0has skyrocketed. Consequently,\u00a0renters<\/a>\u00a0and new homeowners have been forced to occupy ever smaller and more expensive spaces, even as existing home-owners have seen their housing wealth\u00a0multiply<\/a>, their living spaces\u00a0expand<\/a>\u00a0and their property portfolios\u00a0grow<\/a>. In UK, this has resulted in increased living-space\u00a0inequality <\/a><\/p>\n

Research shows that these trends have significant implications for people\u2019s personal and collective wellbeing. As\u00a0I have found<\/a>, on an individual level, people\u2019s expectations of how much living space they find adequate are not innate. Instead, they are informed by the space they are used to and the space of those around them. On a societal level, meanwhile, spatial inequality is both a product of, and further compounds, socioeconomic disadvantage.<\/p>\n

Space expectations<\/h2>\n

There is no universal relationship between size of living space and subjective wellbeing.\u00a0Different people<\/a>\u00a0and different societies use \u2013 and understand \u2013 living space\u00a0in different ways<\/a>. This can lead to interesting discrepancies when cultures collide.<\/p>\n

In a study published in the early 1990s, the ethnographer Ellen J Pader recorded one Mexican immigrant\u00a0saying<\/a>, \u201cI see so many Americans living on their own and I think how lonely they must be\u201d. Because of this diversity, a small living space will not affect all people to the same degree.<\/p>\n

Houses are what economists call positional goods: they determine our social status by effectively exhibiting our wealth and tastes. Even if a person\u2019s living space is large enough to meet their basic needs, they may still feel a stigma (or pride) if it is smaller (or larger) than that of their neighbours, friends or family.<\/p>\n

One new small-home owner-occuper interviewed for a\u00a0recent study<\/a>\u00a0on housing expectations in the UK said that she felt judged by people for choosing to remain in her one-bedroom tenement flat. \u201cIt was very hard to separate society\u2019s and friends\u2019 views about where people should live and what achievement looks like,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

One-third of the people surveyed for a 2005 study by US economists Sara J Solnick and David Hemenway said that they would prefer to have a smaller house in absolute terms, so long as it was\u00a0bigger<\/a>\u00a0than everyone else\u2019s. Similarly, there is\u00a0evidence<\/a>, also from the US, that an individual\u2019s living space expectations are particularly affected by the size of the largest houses in the local area: when these increase in size then the housing satisfaction of nearby residents decreases. (I failed to find a similar social-comparison effect in UK or Germany, although\u00a0my data<\/a>\u00a0was much thinner).<\/p>\n

Spacial inequality<\/h2>\n

One could be tempted, looking at this evidence, to take a cynical view of some cultures revelling in the space poverty of others. While this may be true of some conspicuous consumers, most people probably just aspire to a \u201cnormal\u201d-size living space, where they can practice \u201cnormal\u201d activities in the home, such as having friends round. Being unable to do so can bring a sense of shame.<\/p>\n

It can also disadvantage people who don\u2019t have much space in more tangible ways. The education system in Britain implicitly expects that all households will have enough living space for children to do their homework in peace and quiet. Children in households that are unable to fulfil these norms are therefore likely to face\u00a0worse educational outcomes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

By making us more reliant on our homes the pandemic has heightened the disadvantage associated with having little living space. Participants in\u00a0a recent study<\/a>\u00a0on how COVID has changed the way we use our homes spoke about how working from home \u2013 and over Zoom \u2013 forced them admit to colleagues that they didn\u2019t own a sofa or didn\u2019t have a spare room.<\/p>\n

Increasing average levels of living space, through building more homes where they are needed, would certainly help alleviate some of the more tangible negative effects of tiny living spaces. But unless we tackle the growing inequality of living space in the UK, through progressive taxation of housing wealth or by building more social housing, relatively space-poor households will continue to feel stigmatised and locked out of many social norms.<\/p>\n

Dr Chris Foye is a Lecturer in Housing Economics <\/span>at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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