{"id":23499,"date":"2022-02-09T08:53:14","date_gmt":"2022-02-09T08:53:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=23499"},"modified":"2022-02-14T17:26:31","modified_gmt":"2022-02-14T17:26:31","slug":"plants-are-flowering-a-month-earlier-heres-what-it-could-mean-for-pollinating-insects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/02\/09\/plants-are-flowering-a-month-earlier-heres-what-it-could-mean-for-pollinating-insects\/","title":{"rendered":"Plants are flowering a month earlier \u2013 here\u2019s what it could mean for pollinating insects"},"content":{"rendered":"

Plants are flowering about a month earlier in the UK due to climate change. That\u2019s according scientists at the University of Cambridge, who recently\u00a0analysed the first flowering dates of 406 species<\/a>\u00a0and found a link to warmer temperatures in spring.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The researchers compared the first flowering dates before and after 1986 and found an average shift of 26 days earlier in the year. Herbs had the largest shift (32 days) compared to shrubs and trees, which may indicate they are more responsive to climate change due to their shorter time between generations. These new findings are supported by other scientific research which has consistently found that\u00a0first flowering dates have shifted<\/a>\u00a0over the past few decades due to\u00a0rising air temperatures<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Insects out of sync<\/h3>\n

This could have a significant impact on\u00a0interactions within an ecosystem<\/a>\u00a0and the \u201cservices\u201d those ecosystems provide. For instance about a fifth of the UK\u2019s crops, either by land area or value, are\u00a0pollinated by insects<\/a>, most significantly bees, yet this service is\u00a0at risk from climatic warming<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The problem is that climate change may increase the chance of plants and pollinators becoming out of sync, with plants flowering too early in the year for the insects that pollinate them. In evolutionary biology, this is known as a \u201ctemporal mismatch\u201d. Insects that are used to a feasting on April-flowering plants may find themselves arriving a month late if warmer temperatures mean that the plants now flower in March.<\/p>\n

If earlier flowering reduces pollination, that would in turn reduce\u00a0reproductive success and crop yields<\/a>. Pollinators themselves could also be at risk, since earlier flowering could lead to gaps in\u00a0resources like pollen and nectar<\/a>\u00a0leaving bees to go hungry.<\/p>\n

In the UK, a few pollinating species forage exclusively on one plant, such as the bee\u00a0Melitta dimidiata<\/em><\/a>, which collects pollen solely from a wildflower in the pea family called sainfoin. If this solitary bee, unsurprisingly named the sainfoin bee, does not shift its flight period to remain in sync with sainfoin, it runs the risk of going hungry.<\/p>\n

Can pollinators catch up?<\/h3>\n

Does all this mean bees and other pollinators will themselves start emerging from their \u201coverwintering\u201d stage earlier in the year? The trends here are less clear, though both observational and experimental studies have seen some advances. This is likely at least in part\u00a0driven by climate change<\/a>.<\/p>\n

One 2020 study by US scientists found that bee activity was\u00a0less sensitive to warming<\/a>\u00a0than was flowering time, which more closely tracked changes in the climate. This backs up other previous findings, such as research in mountainous parts of northern Japan which found that\u00a0Corydalis ambigua<\/em>, a plant in the poppy family, was flowering earlier in the year due to earlier snow melt, but that their pollinator bumble bees had not made a similar adjustment. This meant less pollination occurred\u00a0and the plant produced fewer seeds<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pollinating insects may respond to any temporal mismatch in a number of ways. Generalist pollinators that visit a wide range of flowering plants may simply forage on something else, potentially meaning more competition with rival species that already targeted that same plant. Northern plants also tend to flower later than southern plants, again linked to climate, and pollinators could also shift their ranges to better overlap with the flowering period of their preferred plants.<\/p>\n

Where the impact might be more severely felt is in strictly one-to-one plant-pollinator interactions such as figs and fig wasps, where a flowering-pollination timing mismatch could have severe consequences for both parties. Fortunately, such examples of one-to-one interactions\u00a0are rare<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In fact most plant-pollinator interactions are\u00a0asymmetric<\/a>. This means that if a plant is very important to a pollinator (the pollinator makes most of its visits to a particular plant), the importance of this pollinator to the plant is low (the plant receives most of its visits from other pollinators).<\/p>\n

Long-term flowering and pollinator datasets can be a valuable tool in identifying these shifts and mismatches, and online citizen science such the\u00a0Nature\u2019s Calendar<\/a>\u00a0scheme used in this latest study can provide lots of data that can contribute to our understanding of temporal mismatches.<\/p>\n

Citizen science pollinator monitoring schemes also exist such as that collected by the\u00a0Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society<\/a>, which has records dating as far back as the 19th century, and more recently the\u00a0UK Pollinator Monitoring Scheme<\/a>. These schemes, coupled with an increasing understanding of\u00a0which pollinator species visit which flowers<\/a>, mean our understanding of which plant-pollinator interactions might be at risk of temporal mismatches can be greatly improved.<\/p>\n

Chris Wyver is a PhD researcher in pollination and climate change.\u00a0Laura Reeves is a PhD researcher in pests and climate change at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Plants are flowering about a month earlier in the UK due to climate change. That\u2019s according scientists at the University of Cambridge, who recently\u00a0analysed the first flowering dates of 406…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":469,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[189,686,697],"class_list":["post-23499","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environment","tag-climate-change","tag-plants","tag-pollination"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPlants are flowering a month earlier \u2013 here\u2019s what it could mean for pollinating insects - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/02\/09\/plants-are-flowering-a-month-earlier-heres-what-it-could-mean-for-pollinating-insects\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plants are flowering a month earlier \u2013 here\u2019s what it could mean for pollinating insects - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Plants are flowering about a month earlier in the UK due to climate change. 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