{"id":24113,"date":"2022-06-01T09:05:38","date_gmt":"2022-06-01T08:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=24113"},"modified":"2023-02-15T15:09:22","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T15:09:22","slug":"is-it-wrong-to-steal-from-large-corporations-a-philosopher-debates-the-ethics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/06\/01\/is-it-wrong-to-steal-from-large-corporations-a-philosopher-debates-the-ethics\/","title":{"rendered":"Is it wrong to steal from large corporations? A philosopher debates the ethics"},"content":{"rendered":"

If you ask someone whether it\u2019s okay to steal, chances are most people would say no. This absolutist approach \u2013 stealing is wrong, no matter what \u2013 finds philosophical backing in the work of 18th century thinker Immanuel Kant, who held that\u00a0there can be no exceptions to moral rules<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

But things may be more nuanced than Kant suggested. We often judge the near-destitute worker who steals bread to feed their family differently to the thief who steals granny\u2019s money to fund a lavish lifestyle. In the current cost of living crisis, for example, supermarket workers have spoken of\u00a0turning a blind eye to theft<\/a>\u00a0by customers who are clearly struggling. New chief inspector of constabulary, Andy Cooke, has also\u00a0reportedly suggested<\/a>\u00a0that police should use \u201cdiscretion\u201d over whether to charge those who steal so they can eat.<\/p>\n

If we allow exceptions to moral rules, the question then becomes: Is there anything which could make it right, or excusable, to steal from a large corporation?<\/p>\n

I am certainly not condoning any kind of theft. But the question makes for a poignant thought experiment for philosophers. Society\u2019s perception of businesses, particularly large corporations and industries, has evolved in recent years. Consumers hold companies to a\u00a0high ethical standard<\/a>, expecting them to accept accountability for\u00a0climate change<\/a>\u00a0and unethical behaviour.<\/p>\n

Perhaps, then, it\u2019s okay to steal from a corporation if that corporation is already stealing from us. But outside of directly defrauding customers, the idea of a company \u201cstealing\u201d from us is complicated.<\/p>\n

Breaking the social contract<\/h3>\n

One way a large corporation might steal from society is by not meeting the conditions of its\u00a0social contract<\/a>. The social contract, an idea developed by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, refers to the tacit agreement whereby individuals or organisations give up some freedoms in order to benefit from the greater rewards of social order. For example, I tacitly agree not to hit others in order to live in a society where others are not allowed to hit me.<\/p>\n

The social contract is most often understood in terms of the relationship between individuals and the state. However, the benefits to business of social goods and a well-functioning state \u2013 including transport, education and legal protection \u2013 are obvious.<\/p>\n

During the pandemic (and before that, the financial crisis), the state stepped in to save private sector organisations through\u00a0support funds, loans and other schemes<\/a>. In return for this support, it seems the social contract for private sector organisations should demand that they create social value and make a positive contribution to society.<\/p>\n

Standards v scandals<\/h3>\n

In recent years, scandals that have rocked the private sector are proof that the social contract is not always fulfilled. The\u00a0financial crisis<\/a>,\u00a0car emissions<\/a>,\u00a0misselling around opioid pain medication<\/a>,\u00a0data sharing<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0environmental crimes<\/a>\u00a0are all examples.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0fallout from the 2008 financial crisis<\/a>\u00a0laid bare the growing imbalance between what society provided to corporations and what corporations provided to society. The recognition of this disparity led to widespread demand for change via the international\u00a0Occupy<\/a>\u00a0anti-inequality protest movement. Ordinary citizens demanded a broader understanding of what businesses owe to society, beyond the provision of goods, services and jobs.<\/p>\n

After Occupy, customers now recognise just how powerful their purchasing decisions can be in driving companies to do better. Tesla was the first car company to hit a market valuation of\u00a0over US$1 trillion<\/a>\u00a0(\u00a3797 billion). Its growth has forced a huge acceleration in electric car development across other firms.<\/p>\n

The corporate world itself also appears to be answering the demand that it do things differently. The\u00a0B-Corps<\/a>\u00a0movement, a certification programme which aims to \u201cmake business a force for good\u201d, started in 2006 and now has over 5,000 companies registered, covering more than 400,000 workers. Companies like\u00a0Unilever<\/a>,\u00a0Hermes Investment<\/a>, and\u00a0NatWest<\/a>\u00a0have worked to show they are led by their social purpose. Regulators are also placing ethical demands on businesses. Part of the\u00a0Bank of England\u2019s stress test<\/a>\u00a0now requires banks to show how they mitigate risks around climate change.<\/p>\n

Yet without continued consumer and government pressure, there is a risk that these corporate moves become nothing more than ethics-washing. For instance, despite being a fully certified B-Corp, the firm\u00a0BrewDog still faced accusations of having a \u201cculture of fear\u201d<\/a>. And in 2021,\u00a0NatWest was found guilty of failing to stop money laundering<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 a failure which Mark Steward, executive director of enforcement and market oversight at the Financial Conduct Authority, said \u201clet down the whole community<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Exceptions to ethical rules<\/h2>\n

In my research, I\u2019ve argued we must do more to recognise that corporations are only able to operate when society tacitly grants them a\u00a0social licence<\/a>. This licence is granted only on the assumption that the business will be of overall benefit to society. Firms which fail to deliver on this risk having their social licence to operate rescinded.<\/p>\n

Intuitively (and contra Kant), ethical rules have exceptions \u2013\u00a0you can lie to the assassin<\/a>\u00a0who asks you for the location of their target. Given the wider understanding of what businesses owe to the societies they serve, philosophers could argue that it isn\u2019t always immoral to steal from a corporation that breaks the social contract. Especially if that corporation breaks that contract by stealing our future from us, by failing to take steps to mitigate climate change or by undermining the fabric of society.<\/p>\n

However, a much better approach would be to work together to clarify what businesses must do to fulfil the obligations of their social licence. Rather than stealing from corporations, we should use our powers as consumers, workers, shareholders and citizens to push private sector organisations themselves towards behaving more ethically.<\/p>\n

Emma Borg is <\/span>Director of the Reading Centre for Cognition Research and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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