{"id":24213,"date":"2022-07-08T09:08:53","date_gmt":"2022-07-08T08:08:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=24213"},"modified":"2023-02-15T14:22:23","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T14:22:23","slug":"northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/08\/northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations\/","title":{"rendered":"Northern Ireland: Paramilitary groups using cultural celebrations to assert control and challenge peace"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Each year, hundreds of bonfires are lit across Northern Ireland on 11 July \u2013 Eleventh Night \u2013 by Protestants, Unionists, and Loyalists. The vast majority pass without incident.\u00a0However, each year a small number of bonfires are mired in controversy as individuals and groups use them to signal political and social opinions about both their own community and the \u201cother side.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24214 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/07\/tengyart-OEUDX2oT8hU-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/07\/tengyart-OEUDX2oT8hU-unsplash.jpg 640w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/07\/tengyart-OEUDX2oT8hU-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/07\/tengyart-OEUDX2oT8hU-unsplash-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/10.1080\/09546553.2022.2081077\">My research<\/a> indicates these controversies have developed since the 1990s through changes in the practice of bonfires that exploit vulnerabilities left in the wake of the formal peace process. This signals that \u201cpeace\u201d cannot be taken for granted \u2013 particularly as new challenges posed by Brexit enflame tensions.<\/p>\n<p>While historically linked to commemoration of the Battle of the Boyne \u2013 also marked by marches on 12 July \u2013 bonfires have become increasingly decoupled from this event. They now build group spirit and strength (in particular within Loyalist groups who claim responsibility for the structures) as well as to draw a boundary between this \u201cin-group\u201d and their \u201cout-group\u201d (including Catholics, Nationalists, and Republicans).<\/p>\n<p>Bonfires during the Troubles are remembered as relatively casual affairs as neighbours gathered around piles of scrap wood and tree branches, often collected by local youth. However, these began to change around the time that paramilitary groups declared ceasefires in the early 1990s.<\/p>\n<p>The changes in the last three decades are visually striking: the largest \u201cmonster\u201d bonfires now reach <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk\/video-news\/video-eleventh-night-bonfire-at-craigyhill-estate-larne-38305334.html\">over 100 feet tall,<\/a> built out of rings of wooden pallets (often internally supported by rubber tyres) as organisers compete for bragging rights. These are impressive feats of engineering, requiring significant material and practical support; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfastlive.co.uk\/news\/larne-craigyhill-bonfire-more-17000-20989400\">largest bonfire in 2021<\/a>, at Craigyhill, was reported to be over 140 feet tall and constructed from over 17,000 pallets. Builders of this year\u2019s structure at the site intend to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk\/news\/northern-ireland\/craigyhill-bonfire-who-are-builders-competing-with-for-largest-pyre-attempt-and-what-are-the-requirements-for-guinness-world-record-41816330.html\">break a Guinness World Record.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>More controversially, these monster bonfires are increasingly adorned with sectarian symbols \u2013 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-49305516\">effigies<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irishnews.com\/news\/northernirelandnews\/2017\/07\/11\/news\/john-finucane-tells-police-that-his-campaign-posters-have-been-placed-on-a-bonfire-1081320\/\">campaign posters<\/a> of prominent nationalists, to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/collections\/item\/object\/1500032064\">Irish tri-colour flags<\/a> and signs reading \u201cKAI\u201d or <a href=\"mailto:https:\/\/www.irishnews.com\/news\/northernirelandnews\/2020\/07\/08\/news\/concerns-over-loyalist-bonfire-at-north-belfast-interface-1998433\/\">\u201cKAT\u201d<\/a> (acronyms for \u201cKill All Irish\u201d and \u201cKill All Taigs,\u201d using a derogatory word for the same group). These were new additions as the Troubles began to wane, with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/collections\/item\/object\/1500032064\">flags first appearing<\/a> in discussion of the structures in 1994.<\/p>\n<p>Where these bonfires cause controversy or pose risks to health and safety, little can be done by those outside the community to control them.<\/p>\n<p>Firefighters attempting to control the spread of flames have previously <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-40578886\">come under attack<\/a>, while those involved with efforts to deconstruct bonfires before they are lit have found it necessary to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk\/news\/northern-ireland\/belfast-bonfire-dismantled-in-darkness-due-to-safety-fears-40613639.html\">work under police protection and cover of darkness<\/a>, even when local politicians and residents have been in support of removing the structure. In other cases, the threat of violence has seen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-48933572\">contractors refuse to participate<\/a> in dismantling structures.<\/p>\n<p>While there have been increasingly loud calls to discourage sectarian demonstrations and to celebrate bonfires safely, including from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk\/news\/northern-ireland\/mandatory-regulation-needed-to-deal-with-bonfire-safety-says-beattie-40647989.html\">politicians,<\/a> activists, and community groups, efforts to impose limitations or encourage changes to practice have also been heavily resisted.<\/p>\n<p>That is because these changes have not emerged out of a vacuum. Instead, they are a response to decades of concerns among some in the Protestant, Unionist, or Loyalist community that they are being <a href=\"https:\/\/sluggerotoole.com\/2020\/06\/12\/loyalism-the-enduring-perception-of-loss\/\">\u201cleft behind\u201d by the peace process<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Bonfires have thus become a key red line for those responsible, who use them to reassert territorial control and political power. This has serious implications for the future of peace, as this strength can be leveraged not only to influence political debate but also to support the kinds of violence which emerged in response to the Northern Ireland Protocol in <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2021\/04\/09\/uk\/northern-ireland-violence-explainer-gbr-intl\/index.html\">spring 2021<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>After Belfast City Council tried to place an injunction on bonfires in 2017, prominent Loyalist Jamie Bryson accused Sinn F\u00e9in of starting a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/belfast-bonfire-injunction-dup-accuses-sinn-fein-of-dictating-twelfth-celebrations-and-calls-for-cultural-convention-35913461.html\">\u201ccultural war.\u201d<\/a> In the same year, those celebrating at Sandy Row complained that it was \u201cnot fair the kids have to suffer\u201d after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk\/news\/northern-ireland\/belfast-council-pulls-funds-for-kids-party-due-to-size-of-bonfire-35916249.html\">funding for their children\u2019s celebration was retracted<\/a> due to concerns about the size of the main pyre.<\/p>\n<p>Political support for reigning in bonfires has also been made conditional on other factors, signalling their symbiotic relationship with other aspects of life. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-57480178\">The DUP withdrew from a Derry and Strabane District Council<\/a> working group concerned with the issue in 2021, citing issues of \u201cdisenfranchisement\u201d within the council. This included the implementation of the Protocol and the decision by the council not to mark Northern Ireland\u2019s centenary.<\/p>\n<p>Changes to bonfires over time signal the vulnerabilities of the peace established in 1998, particularly as many of the same groups lighting and controlling these structures are the ones who are directly challenging that peace in many other ways. From street riots to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-56276653\">formally withdrawing support for the Good Friday Agreement,<\/a> these actors are eager to show their control over the future of the region.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Amanda Hall is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n<p>This blog is an abridged version of the article &#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/sluggerotoole.com\/2022\/07\/05\/loyalists-assert-themselves-through-controversial-bonfires\/\">Loyalists assert themselves through controversial bonfires\u2026<\/a>&#8216;, first published on <a href=\"https:\/\/sluggerotoole.com\/\">Slugger O&#8217;Toole<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Each year, hundreds of bonfires are lit across Northern Ireland on 11 July \u2013 Eleventh Night \u2013 by Protestants, Unionists, and Loyalists. The vast majority pass without incident.\u00a0However, each year&#8230;<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#45;&#98;&#108;&#111;&#103;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#50;&#47;&#48;&#55;&#47;&#48;&#56;&#47;&#110;&#111;&#114;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#114;&#110;&#45;&#105;&#114;&#101;&#108;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#45;&#112;&#97;&#114;&#97;&#109;&#105;&#108;&#105;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#121;&#45;&#103;&#114;&#111;&#117;&#112;&#115;&#45;&#99;&#101;&#108;&#101;&#98;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#105;&#111;&#110;&#115;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":469,"featured_media":26675,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[2080,625,2081,1084],"class_list":["post-24213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prosperity-resilience","tag-bonfires","tag-northern-ireland","tag-peace-process","tag-politics-and-international-relations"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Northern Ireland: Paramilitary groups using cultural celebrations to assert control and challenge peace - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/08\/northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Northern Ireland: Paramilitary groups using cultural celebrations to assert control and challenge peace - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Each year, hundreds of bonfires are lit across Northern Ireland on 11 July \u2013 Eleventh Night \u2013 by Protestants, Unionists, and Loyalists. The vast majority pass without incident.\u00a0However, each year...Read More &gt;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/08\/northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-07-08T08:08:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-15T14:22:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/07\/tengyart-OEUDX2oT8hU-unsplash-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"427\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Donna Walton\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Donna Walton\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/08\/northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/08\/northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Donna Walton\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ed94c3d9e2aa2dce8ea35fee5b9664bf\"},\"headline\":\"Northern Ireland: Paramilitary groups using cultural celebrations to assert control and challenge peace\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-08T08:08:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-15T14:22:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/08\/northern-ireland-paramilitary-groups-celebrations\/\"},\"wordCount\":833,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"bonfires\",\"northern ireland\",\"peace process\",\"Politics and International Relations\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Prosperity &amp; 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