{"id":24218,"date":"2022-07-13T09:11:15","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T08:11:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=24218"},"modified":"2023-02-15T14:20:41","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T14:20:41","slug":"climate-activism-has-so-far-been-fairly-peaceful-heres-why-that-might-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/13\/climate-activism-has-so-far-been-fairly-peaceful-heres-why-that-might-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate activism has so far been fairly peaceful: here\u2019s why that might change"},"content":{"rendered":"

Climate change is perhaps the most serious threat to life on this planet. According to a\u00a0recent report<\/a>\u00a0by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), climate change has already caused\u00a0heatwave<\/a>,\u00a0drought<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0flood<\/a>\u00a0deaths across the world; contributed to the spread of potentially fatal diseases including\u00a0cholera<\/a>; and displaced people from their homes by putting already strained social and political systems under\u00a0greater stress<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Extinction<\/p>\n

Yet, as severe as they already are,\u00a0climate change\u2019s effects<\/a>\u00a0will escalate significantly in the future. Global average temperature has\u00a0increased by 1.1\u2103<\/a>\u00a0since 1800, but current\u00a0energy policies<\/a>\u00a0will lead to warming of between 2.5\u2103 and 2.9\u2103 by the end of this century.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s unsurprising, then, that many policymakers see climate change as a threat to\u00a0national security<\/a>, and more and more is being written on the relationship between\u00a0climate change and conflict<\/a>. What we find surprising, however, is that groups drawing attention to the risks climate change poses \u2013 and how governments are failing to address them \u2013 are\u00a0also<\/em> being considered security risks.<\/p>\n

For instance, guidance from the British government\u2019s anti-radicalisation scheme Prevent<\/a>\u00a0suggested that school and university students who have expressed interest in\u00a0Extinction Rebellion<\/a>\u00a0(XR) should be\u00a0referred<\/a>\u00a0to the scheme, along with those who expressed admiration for terrorist groups like Islamic State or the neo-Nazi organisation\u00a0National Action<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In fact, the climate movement so far has been strikingly\u00a0peaceful<\/a>. The school climate strikes, for example, involved a series of peaceful mass demonstrations, with an estimated\u00a01.7 million people<\/a>\u00a0taking part globally in 2019. XR also makes nonviolence central to its strategy, referring to influential\u00a0research<\/a>\u00a0by political scientists Erica Chenoweth and Maria Stephan on the effectiveness of peaceful protest.<\/p>\n

These two academics suggest that peaceful mass movements are more likely to achieve their goals than violent movements, partly because it\u2019s much easier for them to recruit active supporters.<\/p>\n

In particular, XR has focused on Chenoweth\u2019s and Stephan\u2019s claim that peaceful mass movements almost invariably succeed once\u00a03.5%<\/a>\u00a0of the population become involved. Framing the climate movement as a security threat is thus out of step with its general, if sometimes strategic, commitment to pacifism.<\/p>\n

A radical flank<\/h3>\n

Climate protest in the future, however, might not be so committed to nonviolence. In his provocatively titled book How to Blow Up a Pipeline, geographer\u00a0Andreas Malm<\/a>\u00a0argues that the climate movement must diversify its tactics to encompass more confrontational forms of action, including sabotaging parts of the\u00a0fossil fuel economy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

According to Malm, historical claims about the strategic merits of mass peaceful civil disobedience tend to downplay the significance of the broader political context in which it operates.<\/p>\n

A closer look shows that peaceful protests hailed as producing political change tend to coincide with more direct and sometimes violent tactics fighting for the same outcome. This creates a contrast between a \u201creasonable\u201d mainstream with a \u201cradical\u201d flank in a way that can be conducive to change.<\/p>\n

\"Photo
Martin Luther King was a proponent of peaceful protest and civil disobedience.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For example, the\u00a0civil rights protests<\/a>\u00a0during the 1950s and 1960s in the US deep south were extremely controversial at the time, partly due to the public disorder they caused. However, Martin Luther King Jr, their most prominent leader, was able to contrast his demands with those made by more radical figures. In his famous\u00a0letter from a Birmingham jail<\/a>, King suggested that negotiating with him was necessary to avoid confrontation with them.<\/p>\n

This message about the importance of varying protest tactics seems to have found an audience among climate activists. At COP26 in Glasgow, as well as engaging in\u00a0mass public protest<\/a>, climate activists\u00a0deflated the tires<\/a>\u00a0of SUVs across the city \u2013 a signature Malm tactic.<\/p>\n

Uncivil disobedience<\/h3>\n

Some of the strategies Malm suggests \u2013 like blockading coal plants, disabling SUVs and\u00a0tree-spiking<\/a>\u00a0(hammering rods into tree trunks to damage chainsaws and prevent logging) \u2013 don\u2019t conform to ideas of civil disobedience as public, polite and peaceful. But perhaps they shouldn\u2019t.<\/p>\n

Climate change is already causing immense human suffering, and it will only cause more in the future. If one reason to obey the law is to help prevent human misery, then, as political scientist\u00a0Candice Delmas<\/a>\u00a0argues, one reason to disobey it can also be to help prevent human misery.<\/p>\n

The same goes for other arguments for obeying the law. If the law is authoritative because it promotes social cooperation, then it loses at least some of its authority when it undermines cooperation by failing to prevent climate change \u2013 a phenomenon set to destabilise many of the institutions and infrastructure on which we depend. When the stakes are so high, damage to, or even destruction of, property can be seen by some to be legitimate.<\/p>\n

Uncivil disobedience of the sort Malm suggests cannot be considered terrorism, or equivalent to it. Terrorism involves the threat of serious physical harm.\u00a0Deflating the tyres<\/a>\u00a0of an SUV is not the same thing as setting it on fire.<\/p>\n

As the world warms,\u00a0climate activists<\/a>\u00a0may well turn towards directly disrupting and damaging fossil fuel infrastructure. If they do, they\u2019ll be subject to legal sanctions \u2013 just as many civilly disobedient protesters already are.<\/p>\n

It would still be far from appropriate to categorise climate activists as threats similar to, for example, the\u00a0murderers<\/a>\u00a0of the MPs Jo Cox and Sir David Amiss. But some protestors may be running out of patience for peaceful means when it comes to the critical issue of climate change.<\/p>\n

This article was written by Dr Robert Jubb,<\/span> Associate Professor of Political Theory at the University of Reading and Dr Alex McLaughlin, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Cambridge.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Climate change is perhaps the most serious threat to life on this planet. According to a\u00a0recent report\u00a0by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), climate change has already caused\u00a0heatwave,\u00a0drought\u00a0and\u00a0flood\u00a0deaths across…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":26674,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[2083,189,2089,207,2086,404,2084,2082,2087,2090,695,2088,867],"class_list":["post-24218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prosperity-resilience","tag-civil-rights","tag-climate-change","tag-climate-protest","tag-conflict","tag-extinction-rebellion","tag-global-warming","tag-martin-luther-king","tag-national-security","tag-nonviolence","tag-political-change","tag-politics","tag-security-threat","tag-terrorism"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nClimate activism has so far been fairly peaceful: here\u2019s why that might change - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/07\/13\/climate-activism-has-so-far-been-fairly-peaceful-heres-why-that-might-change\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Climate activism has so far been fairly peaceful: here\u2019s why that might change - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Climate change is perhaps the most serious threat to life on this planet. 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