{"id":25385,"date":"2022-11-07T14:56:21","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T14:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=25385"},"modified":"2023-02-07T11:56:32","modified_gmt":"2023-02-07T11:56:32","slug":"iran-hijab-protests-reflect-society-wide-anger-at-regime-which-trashes-rule-of-law-and-human-rights","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/11\/07\/iran-hijab-protests-reflect-society-wide-anger-at-regime-which-trashes-rule-of-law-and-human-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"Iran: hijab protests reflect society-wide anger at regime which trashes rule of law and human rights"},"content":{"rendered":"

The death of\u00a0Mahsa Amini<\/a>\u00a0at the hands of Iran\u2019s morality police in September for not wearing the hijab properly was a fracturing point, prompting Iranian women to come on to the streets\u00a0en masse<\/em>\u00a0to protest the regime\u2019s violence and injustice.<\/p>\n

\"Protestors<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

But our understanding of these protests should not be narrowly restricted to the rights of women. More broadly, they are a reaction to the absence of democracy and the rule of law in Iran on one hand, and the abuse of power and frequent human rights violations on the other.<\/p>\n

One of the biggest problems for Iranian people is built in to the way the Islamic Republic operates, with the lack of a clear separation of powers, democracy and accountability. Iran\u2019s judiciary is not independent of the regime, where power is constitutionally concentrated in one person: the supreme leader,\u00a0Ayatollah Ali Khamenei<\/a>. He is not answerable to any higher authority or legal or political mechanism. He doesn\u2019t face a public vote.<\/p>\n

The preamble to\u00a0Iran\u2019s constitution<\/a>\u00a0provides that \u201cthe constitution strives to hand over the destiny of people to themselves\u201d. From this notion of democracy should flow respect for human rights, freedom of expression, access to power, the rule of law, separation of powers, independence of the judiciary, and transparency and accountability of the government. But in practice things are very different: non-accountability and abuse of power have\u00a0become normalised<\/a>\u00a0during the Islamic Republic\u2019s 43 years in power.<\/p>\n

Frequent violations of human rights<\/h3>\n

Iran is a signatory to various international treaties, including the\u00a0International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)<\/a>. Yet it has frequently restricted the right to peaceful protest, using sometimes\u00a0lethal force against and torturing<\/a>\u00a0peaceful protesters. And, in violation of its free speech obligations under Article 19(2) of the ICCPR, it frequently violates the right to freedom of expression by restricting access to information, including banning\u00a0social media platforms<\/a>\u00a0such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp and Telegram, and shutting down the internet in times of peaceful protests.<\/p>\n

The list of violations of fundamental rights is long. It includes denying freedom of religion to Iran\u2019s minority religious groups, who suffer regular discrimination and persecution. The Baha\u2019i community is the\u00a0most severely persecuted<\/a>\u00a0religious group in Iran \u2013 and there has been a marked increase in arrests and targeting of this community in 2022. By April, UN experts had received\u00a0reports<\/a>\u00a0that more than 1,000 Baha\u2019i people were awaiting imprisonment following their initial arrests and hearings.<\/p>\n

Minority languages are\u00a0routinely suppressed<\/a>, including\u00a0in schools<\/a>, despite an article in the constitution declaring that \u201cuse of regional and ethnic languages in the press, the mass media, and the teaching of their literature at schools, alongside the Persian language, is freely permitted\u201d.<\/p>\n

Amnesty International\u2019s\u00a02021 report<\/a>\u00a0highlighted widespread human rights abuses in Iran, including the regular use of the death penalty as a \u201cweapon of repression\u201d. It stated:<\/p>\n

Thousands of people were interrogated, unfairly prosecuted and\/or arbitrarily detained solely for peacefully exercising their human rights, and hundreds remained unjustly imprisoned.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

According to the UN\u2019s special rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders in Iran, Javaid Rehman, more than 14,000 men, women and children\u00a0have been arrested<\/a>\u00a0in Iran during the current protests. He added that the \u201cunabated violent response of security forces\u201d in the country has led to the reported deaths of at least 277 people.<\/p>\n

It has been reported that more than\u00a01,000 people<\/a>\u00a0have been charged with a variety of offences in the Tehran province for involvement in the protests. Mohammad Ghobadlou, 22, has reportedly been\u00a0sentenced to death<\/a>\u00a0for hitting and killing a police officer with his car during the protests, but this has not been confirmed.<\/p>\n

Abuse of power<\/h3>\n

The Islamic Republic often justifies its brutality and human rights violations by referring to the constitutional exceptions for behaviour detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or for actions likely to undermine national security. Yet Article 176, which concerns national security, refers to a violent threat to the nation rather than peaceful protest.<\/p>\n

The Islamic Republic has been relying on national security in a broad sense to suppress peaceful dissent, unlawfully using violence \u2013 including against women and children \u2013 for the sake of its own survival, rather than the safety of the country. Crucial to the regime\u2019s survival has been the support of the security forces, who take their orders from the Supreme Council for National Security (SCNS) \u2013 chaired by the president and including representatives who take their orders from the supreme leader, Ali Khamenei.<\/p>\n

The situation is much worse when it comes to the rights of women in Iran, which are supposedly protected under Article 20 of the constitution, which states: \u201cAll citizens of the country, both men and women, equally enjoy the protection of the law and enjoy all human, political, economic, social and cultural rights\u00a0in conformity with Islamic criteria<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The italicised words are key here. The constitution also emphasises the need to protect and promote women\u2019s \u201cmomentous and precious function of motherhood\u201d \u2013 the family is a \u201cfundamental unit of society and the main centre for the growth and edification of human beings\u201d.<\/p>\n

This goal was achieved in part by restricting women\u2019s role in social, cultural and political life. So it\u2019s no coincidence that the Iranian government has never ratified the 1979 Convention on the\u00a0Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)<\/a>, which ensures full equality for women in all areas of their lives.<\/p>\n

Iranian women have been at the forefront of the current protests, and the cry \u201cwomen, life, freedom\u201d expresses the deep yearning that women across the country share in the face of the regime\u2019s oppression. But they are joined in their anger by many thousands of men, who want to force change to ensure the rights of all Iranians are respected \u2013 regardless of gender, religion or ethnicity.<\/p>\n

Dr Saeed Bagheri<\/a> is a Lecturer in International Law at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons License.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The death of\u00a0Mahsa Amini\u00a0at the hands of Iran\u2019s morality police in September for not wearing the hijab properly was a fracturing point, prompting Iranian women to come on to the…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":693,"featured_media":25388,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[2195,2196,494,2197],"class_list":["post-25385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prosperity-resilience","tag-hijab","tag-hijab-laws","tag-iran","tag-iran-protests-2022"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIran: hijab protests reflect society-wide anger at regime which trashes rule of law and human rights - 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