{"id":25514,"date":"2022-11-22T11:13:23","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T11:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=25514"},"modified":"2023-02-02T12:23:48","modified_gmt":"2023-02-02T12:23:48","slug":"africa-has-vast-gas-reserves-heres-how-to-stop-them-adding-to-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2022\/11\/22\/africa-has-vast-gas-reserves-heres-how-to-stop-them-adding-to-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Africa has vast gas reserves \u2013 here\u2019s how to stop them adding to climate change"},"content":{"rendered":"

The question of whether Africa should be allowed to exploit its gas reserves,\u00a0estimated<\/a>\u00a0at more than 17.56 trillion cubic meters (620 trillion cubic feet) in 2021, has been much discussed at the latest UN climate change summit, COP27, in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.<\/p>\n

\"Niger<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Former US vice president Al Gore\u00a0used his speech<\/a>\u00a0at the opening session to urge an end to all fossil fuel investment globally, including in Africa. But Macky Sall, the president of Senegal and chairperson of the African Union,\u00a0argued<\/a>\u00a0at the same event that Africa needs space in Earth\u2019s dwindling carbon budget to use its resources for development.<\/p>\n

The gas debate centres on two arguments, either for gas or against it. This is too narrow and fails to consider what development might look like for Africa and other regions that are struggling to grow their economies and address widespread poverty while also taking ambitious climate action. It also neglects the question of what kind of international cooperation might be necessary to make climate-compatible development possible.<\/p>\n

Those who argue against expanding fossil gas extraction say that exploiting Africa\u2019s reserves is incompatible with keeping average global temperature rise below 1.5\u00b0C, the \u201csafe\u201d limit agreed in Paris in 2015. Renewable energy is now the cheapest way to connect millions of people to power networks in countries where energy poverty is rife, they say.<\/p>\n

It has also been suggested that widespread poverty in oil-rich countries such as Nigeria demonstrates how decades of oil and gas exploration have only benefited multinational corporations such as\u00a0Shell<\/a> and left few gains for most Africans. Investing in oil and gas now, it\u2019s argued, will leave African countries holding stranded assets as Europe and North America pivot to wind, solar and other renewables.<\/p>\n

Those in favour of exploiting Africa\u2019s gas argue that industrialisation \u2013 for example, the building of modern transportation systems, hospitals and schools which developed countries enjoy \u2013 has relied on burning fossil fuels. Industrialised countries still consume a lot of gas. Germany, for instance, uses the fossil fuel to generate up to 30% of its\u00a0power<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Natural gas, it is held, could provide enough energy for industrial processes such as steel, cement, paper and pulp manufacturing which renewables such as solar and wind have\u00a0yet to provide<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0study<\/a>\u00a0published in 2021 found that a lack of finance, or the high cost of accessing it, imposes a huge gap between the theoretical and actual cost of generating renewable energy in Africa. And, if African countries are able to diversify their energy portfolio with gas it will, it is argued, increase energy resilience and strengthen the right of African countries to make their own decisions on energy generation, distribution and consumption in a way that they deem appropriate.<\/p>\n

Proponents of gas point out that, historically, Africa has contributed the least to climate change, accounting for\u00a0less than 4%<\/a>\u00a0of the total stock of CO\u2082 in the atmosphere. If the whole of Sub-Saharan Africa tripled its electricity consumption from gas it would only\u00a0add 1%<\/a>\u00a0to global CO\u2082 emissions. In comparison, the US has released more than 509 gigatonnes of CO\u2082\u00a0since 1850<\/a>\u00a0and is responsible for 25% of the global total.<\/p>\n

On this basis, it is\u00a0argued<\/a>\u00a0that developed countries are enacting a renewed form of colonialism \u2013 what some might call climate colonialism. This is because countries that developed using fossil fuels and continue to appropriate a disproportionate amount of the remaining carbon space in the atmosphere are seeking to stop Africans from using their abundant reserves of gas to address energy poverty challenges and fast track their development.<\/p>\n

Striking a balance<\/h3>\n

The narrow view of either \u201cno to gas\u201d or \u201cyes to gas\u201d in Africa is largely unhelpful in framing the continent\u2019s climate, energy and development challenges. What Africa urgently needs is a credible plan for oil-dependent economies to avoid the need to transition to gas in the long run. That must include technical and financial support to scale up renewables in all countries, so they can build self-reliant, prosperous economies.<\/p>\n

Neither gas nor renewable energy on their own can do much to help Africa when so many countries\u00a0depend<\/a>\u00a0on foreign technology and investment to grow their economies. The crucial question for Africa at COP27 should be: what is the right package of assistance needed to expand modern and affordable energy, develop a competitive advantage in manufacturing renewable technologies and better manage resources in a climate-constrained world?<\/p>\n

Many African countries such as Ghana and the Gambia already have ambitious climate targets, but these are conditional on the receipt of international support which is not forthcoming. Despite being an oil-dependent economy, Nigeria has a pledge to be carbon neutral by 2060. The cost of implementing this strategy is valued\u00a0at US$1.9 trillion<\/a>\u00a0(\u00a31.59 trillion). In spite of high-level diplomacy by the vice president, Yemi Osinbajo, Nigeria has only managed to receive a promise of a one-off payment of\u00a0US$3 billion<\/a>\u00a0from the World Bank \u2013 but when this is supposed to be delivered has not been confirmed.<\/p>\n

The US thinktank Climate Policy Initiative has suggested that Africa needs an inflow of about\u00a0US$277 billion annually<\/a>\u00a0to implement the plans contained in each country\u2019s emissions reduction pledge. But the continent currently only receives something in the region of about\u00a0US$30 billion a year<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Africa could be world-leading in renewable energy generation if provided with the right technology and financial assistance. The continent has big advantages when it comes to renewable energy generation \u2013 ranging from solar, hydroelectricity, wind and geothermal energy. The International Energy Agency says Africa has 1% of the world\u2019s total installed solar power capacity, despite the fact that, it has\u00a060%<\/a>\u00a0of the world\u2019s most promising areas to generate solar energy.<\/p>\n

Calls to cease all gas exploration in Africa that fail to account for where historical responsibility for climate change lies and the need to close the current finance gap are the most audacious kind of climate imperialism. COP27 must unlock trillions of dollars in large-scale renewable energy investments and generate new economic opportunities for Africa \u2013 or it will have failed.<\/p>\n

Chukwumerije Okereke<\/a> is a <\/span>Professor of Environment and Development at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons License.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The question of whether Africa should be allowed to exploit its gas reserves,\u00a0estimated\u00a0at more than 17.56 trillion cubic meters (620 trillion cubic feet) in 2021, has been much discussed at…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":693,"featured_media":25542,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[46,2227,189,2228,1889,2042,1707,2229,2226,1367],"class_list":["post-25514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-africa","tag-carbon-budget","tag-climate-change","tag-climate-finance","tag-colonialism","tag-cop27","tag-fossil-fuels","tag-just-transition","tag-natural-gas","tag-renewable-energy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAfrica has vast gas reserves \u2013 here\u2019s how to stop them adding to climate change - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The gas debate centres on two arguments, either for gas or against it. 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