{"id":26209,"date":"2023-01-25T08:30:55","date_gmt":"2023-01-25T08:30:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=26209"},"modified":"2023-02-02T11:42:24","modified_gmt":"2023-02-02T11:42:24","slug":"why-forecasting-snow-is-so-difficult-in-the-uk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/01\/25\/why-forecasting-snow-is-so-difficult-in-the-uk\/","title":{"rendered":"Why forecasting snow is so difficult in the UK"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-26209\" class=\"panel-layout\">\n<div id=\"pg-26209-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\">\n<div id=\"pgc-26209-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\" data-weight=\"1\">\n<div id=\"panel-26209-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\">\n<div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n<p>Cold winter weather in the UK almost always brings with it talk of snow.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26203 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2023\/01\/benjamin-elliott-KpybhySJxxk-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"A park in Sheffield, UK. Light snow covers the pathway, trees and bench.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" \/><\/p>\n<p>British people tend to approach weather forecasts of snow with a combination of excitement and trepidation. Who doesn\u2019t like the sight of unspoilt snow glittering over the rooftops like a Christmas card? But not many people enjoy the aftermath \u2013 an ice slush nightmare, soaking up the dirt from our streets and roads.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Forecasting snow is tricky in Britain though. And predictions tend to be uncertain. By the time British people reach adulthood, particularly those who live in southern England, a lot learn to treat forecasts of snow with cynicism. You might go to bed delighted by forecasts of snow only to wake the next day greeted by rain.<\/p>\n<p>The UK\u2019s erratic winter weather is caused by two things: its location and the fact that small differences in temperature can cause dramatic changes to the forecast.<\/p>\n<p>The UK is located right where a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/weather\/learn-about\/weather\/atmosphere\/weather-fronts\">number of different global weather systems converge<\/a>. Unlike many places in the world, freezing weather in Britain is generally accompanied by northerly or easterly winds. But heavy precipitation (liquid or frozen water) is usually from the west. Colder weather in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/weather\/learn-about\/weather\/seasons\/winter\/factors-that-influence-uk-winters\">UK makes precipitation less likely<\/a>. Which is why if we see snow, it often arrives as a light shower or flurry.<\/p>\n<p>Thick snow usually happens when precipitation from the west hits cold air from the east or north.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How does snow form?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Cf6El0mI1fM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Don\u2019t shoot the messenger<\/h2>\n<p>Weather forecasting has come a long way over the last four decades. Improved computing, satellites, transformed communication and data science have made weather forecasting much more accurate. In 2022,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/storm-eunice-how-forecasters-predicted-super-strong-winds-days-before-it-even-formed-177487\">storm Eunice<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/heatwave-why-extreme-weather-forecasts-have-improved-so-much-186261\">summer 40\u2103 heatwave<\/a>\u00a0are both examples of how much forecasting has improved. It is not only able to accurately predict \u201cnormal\u201d weather, but also when extreme weather will occur.<\/p>\n<p>Forecasters today can predict widespread precipitation down to the hour. So mapping out wet weather is not the problem. The issue is that British winters make it a lot harder to tell what form precipitation will take when it reaches us.<\/p>\n<p>This means predicting whether we will get sleet,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/weather\/learn-about\/weather\/types-of-weather\/rain\/freezing-rain\">freezing rain<\/a>, snow or just rain. If you watch weather forecasts on a regular basis you will probably have heard the vague phrase \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/news\/uk-news\/uk-weather-brits-braced-arctic-29018485#:%7E:text=wintry%20precipitation\">wintry precipitation<\/a>\u201d. This is the forecaster wrangling with an uncertain forecast as the term covers everything from rain to snow.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why is snow tricky to forecast? - 3 Minute Met\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-U2-kuo-eT0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>A lot of the rain that we see in the UK, at all times of year, was snow when it started falling, but has fallen into air that is warmer than 0\u2070C and melted. That means when forecasters predict rain, they are often predicting melted snow. If it\u2019s 20\u2070C in the summer, there is no doubt that by the time the snow reaches the ground it will have turned to rain.<\/p>\n<p>For many places in the world the reverse is true. If the temperature is going to be -10\u2070C, it\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/weather.com\/storms\/winter\/news\/2022-12-%2023-winter-storm-elliott-bomb-cyclone-midwest-northeast-winds-snow\">will settle on the ground as snow<\/a>. Back in 2018, in the UK the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-%20news\/2018\/mar\/01\/beast-from-east-storm-emma-uk-worst-weather-years\">Beast from the East<\/a>\u00a0brought with it temperatures so low the meteorologists could confidently predict snow.<\/p>\n<h2>A headache for weather forecasters<\/h2>\n<p>Most of the time, however, UK weather forecasters are working with expected temperatures close to 0\u2103. In this case a very small change to the temperature totally changes the weather. Weather forecasts tend to be accurate down to a couple of \u2103. But when your baseline is 0\u2103 then a rise of 2\u2070C will mean the snow melts and we get rain. But 2\u2070C colder and it\u2019s just snow. Somewhere in the middle creates sleet.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Various UK precip types and formations&#8230; with my best powerpoint skills. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/uksnow?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#uksnow<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/pptninja?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#pptninja<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/stormbell?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@stormbell<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/weathergil?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@weathergil<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/IlXxCNIhTG\">pic.twitter.com\/IlXxCNIhTG<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Dr Rob Thompson (@R0b1et) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/R0b1et\/status\/548610686960807937?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 26, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>And this is the other main reason why predicting snow is so hard in the UK. A small difference in temperature makes a really big difference to the outcome.<\/p>\n<p>Precipitation lowers the air temperature. Heavier rain drops the temperature even more. Heavier sleet turns to snow. This means that even if the temperature of the system is predicted correctly, the fine details of the rate of precipitation will affect the form. It just so happens that much of the wintry weather in the UK falls at the temperature that makes the outcome sensitive to tiny changes. So, I\u2019m afraid the phrase \u201cwintery precipitation\u201d is here to stay.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/meteorology\/people\/robert-thompson\/\">Rob Thompson<\/a> is a Postdoctoral Research Scientist in Meteorology at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-forecasting-snow-is-so-difficult-in-the-uk-198322\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons licence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cold winter weather in the UK almost always brings with it talk of snow. British people tend to approach weather forecasts of snow with a combination of excitement and trepidation&#8230;.<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#45;&#98;&#108;&#111;&#103;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#51;&#47;&#48;&#49;&#47;&#50;&#53;&#47;&#119;&#104;&#121;&#45;&#102;&#111;&#114;&#101;&#99;&#97;&#115;&#116;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#45;&#115;&#110;&#111;&#119;&#45;&#105;&#115;&#45;&#115;&#111;&#45;&#100;&#105;&#102;&#102;&#105;&#99;&#117;&#108;&#116;&#45;&#105;&#110;&#45;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#45;&#117;&#107;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":693,"featured_media":26203,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2278,578,820,941],"class_list":["post-26209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-cold-weather","tag-meteorology-2","tag-snow","tag-weather"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Why forecasting snow is so difficult in the UK - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Forecasting snow is tricky in Britain though. 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