{"id":2731,"date":"2018-05-21T12:40:42","date_gmt":"2018-05-21T11:40:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/the-forum\/?p=2731"},"modified":"2018-09-19T11:18:06","modified_gmt":"2018-09-19T10:18:06","slug":"how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world"},"content":{"rendered":"

Many laws across the world that make homosexuality a crime were imposed during rule by the British Empire. Joseph O’Mahoney attempts to unpick why these stigmatising laws persist\u00a0in a new post for The Conversation co-authored by Enze Han.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

At the recent\u00a0Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting<\/a>\u00a0in London, the British prime minister, Theresa May,\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0Commonwealth nations to reform existing anti-gay legislation held over from British colonial rule. And while stopping short of a formal apology, she used her speech to explicitly acknowledge Britain\u2019s responsibility: \u201cAs the United Kingdom\u2019s prime minister, I deeply regret both the fact that such laws were introduced and the legacy of discrimination, violence and death that persists today.\u201d<\/p>\n

Her speech came in the aftermath of a recent court decision by Trinidad and Tobago to decriminalise homosexuality. On April 12 2018, Justice Devindra Rampersand of the High Court of Trinidad and Tobago\u00a0ruled<\/a>\u00a0that sections 13 and 16 of the Sexual Offences Act are \u201cunconstitutional, illegal, null, void, invalid and of no effect to the extent that these laws criminalise any acts constituting consensual sexual conduct between adults\u201d.<\/p>\n

The drama came later during an interview with BBC Radio 4\u2019s Today programme, when Trinidadian Anglican Bishop\u00a0Victor Gill<\/a>\u00a0called comments made by May a form of \u201cneo-colonialism\u201d when he denounced the ruling \u2013 without noticing the irony that it was British colonial administrators who introduced the anti-gay law in the first place.<\/p>\n

As we show in our newly published book,\u00a0British Colonialism and the Criminalisation of Homosexuality<\/a>, many laws that make homosexuality a crime today were imposed during rule by the British Empire.<\/p>\n

Britain cracks down<\/h4>\n

From 1860 onwards, the empire spread a specific set of legal codes and common law throughout its colonies, among them laws proscribing male-to-male sexual relations. The British Empire drafted these penal codes with a moral, religious mission in mind. The intention was to protect local Christians from \u201ccorruption\u201d and correct and Christianise \u201cnative\u201d custom. Two particularly prominent examples are the colonial criminal codes of\u00a0India<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Queensland<\/a>, both of which specifically criminalised male-to-male sexual relations \u2013 though they both set a penalty of long-term imprisonment rather than death.<\/p>\n

In contrast with the British experience, the other major colonial powers did not leave such an institutional legacy on criminalisation of homosexual conduct. This is why former British colonies are far more likely to still have these laws in place than the former colonies of other European states or other states in general. Of the 72 countries with such a law still on the books in 2018, at least 38 of them were once subject to some sort of British colonial rule.<\/p>\n

Although these laws are superficially similar, they were drafted very differently and specified penalties of varying severity. Compare for instance Ghana and other African countries with a British colonial legacy. Ghana\u2019s criminal code currently classes \u201cunnatural carnal knowledge\u201d as a misdemeanour, with a potential prison sentence of\u00a0up to three years<\/a>. By contrast,\u00a0Kenya<\/a>,\u00a0Nigeria<\/a>, and\u00a0Gambia<\/a>\u00a0treat gay sex as a felony, with a penalty of up to 14 years\u2019 imprisonment. And in\u00a0Uganda<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Zambia<\/a>, the maximum penalty is life.<\/p>\n

So why the difference?<\/h4>\n

The spread of criminalisation during the British colonial period was not centrally co-ordinated. Instead, a number of variables \u2013 including in several cases the fact that a colonial administrator happened to have dealt with the introduction of a criminal code in their previous posting \u2013 seem to have been relevant to why a particular criminal code was introduced into a territory, or why one was introduced at all. This is why colonial Ghana, then called the Gold Coast, received a completely different colonial-era criminal code from British administrators from the other colonies.<\/p>\n

An uneven landscape<\/h4>\n

There\u2019s plenty else to unpick in this strange, complicated history. For example, we also investigated whether former British colonies are less likely or slower to decriminalise on average than the former colonies of other European imperialists.<\/p>\n

We compared several former British colonies such as Singapore, Uganda and India, that still criminalise homosexual sex with another group of former colonies that have made significant strides toward greater social inclusion of their sexual minorities \u2013 among them South Africa, Belize, and Fiji. To test the still quite prevalent idea that British imperialism \u201cpoisoned\u201d societies against homosexuality, we looked in some detail not just at the historical origins of these countries\u2019 anti-homosexuality laws, but of the contemporary political processes that have so far prevented some of them from scrapping the laws.<\/p>\n

Based on our research, we argue that the evidence in favour of the claim that is inconclusive at best. Among former colonies with laws like these, former British colonies do not seem to have decriminalised homosexual conduct any more slowly than colonies of other European states. This suggests that the \u201cstickiness\u201d of repressive institutions is relatively consistent across different countries and histories, and not specific to a particular type of colonialism.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s important to remember that where these sorts of laws are still in place, the degree to which they\u2019re enforced varies greatly. Where Uganda actively and frequently persecutes LGBT people, for example, Singapore penalises them much less regularly. But what\u2019s undeniable is that these sorts of laws have prolonged the stigmatisation of LGBT people around the world, and understanding why so many of them persist today is hugely important.<\/p>\n

This post was first published on The Conversation, 15 May 2018<\/a>.\u00a0Joseph O\u2019Mahoney is a Research Fellow at MIT and a Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Reading. His research primarily investigates international norm dynamics concerning the legitimacy of war and the use of force.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Many laws across the world that make homosexuality a crime were imposed during rule by the British Empire. Joseph O’Mahoney attempts to unpick why these stigmatising laws persist\u00a0in a new…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[137,447,695],"class_list":["post-2731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-prosperity-resilience","tag-british-colonialism","tag-homosexuality","tag-politics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Many laws across the world that make homosexuality a crime were imposed during rule by the British Empire. Joseph O’Mahoney attempts to unpick why these stigmatising laws persist\u00a0in a new...Read More >\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-05-21T11:40:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-09-19T10:18:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2018\/05\/globe-2637126_640.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sarah Harrop\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sarah Harrop\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sarah Harrop\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23\"},\"headline\":\"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-21T11:40:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-09-19T10:18:06+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\"},\"wordCount\":942,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"British colonialism\",\"homosexuality\",\"Politics\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Prosperity & Resilience\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\",\"name\":\"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world - Connecting Research\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-21T11:40:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-09-19T10:18:06+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\",\"name\":\"Connecting Research\",\"description\":\"Research stories from across the University of Reading\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"University of Reading\",\"alternateName\":\"UoR\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png\",\"width\":440,\"height\":147,\"caption\":\"University of Reading\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniRdg_Research\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-reading\/mycompany\/verification\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsFUmxmcVbVJ-9iGczsKfuw\",\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Reading\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/uniofreading\/?hl=en\",\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@uniofreading\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23\",\"name\":\"Sarah Harrop\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Sarah Harrop\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/author\/s-harropreading-ac-uk\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world - Connecting Research","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world - Connecting Research","og_description":"Many laws across the world that make homosexuality a crime were imposed during rule by the British Empire. Joseph O’Mahoney attempts to unpick why these stigmatising laws persist\u00a0in a new...Read More >","og_url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/","og_site_name":"Connecting Research","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/","article_published_time":"2018-05-21T11:40:42+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-09-19T10:18:06+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2018\/05\/globe-2637126_640.jpg"}],"author":"Sarah Harrop","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@UniRdg_Research","twitter_site":"@UniRdg_Research","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Sarah Harrop","Estimated reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/"},"author":{"name":"Sarah Harrop","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23"},"headline":"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world","datePublished":"2018-05-21T11:40:42+00:00","dateModified":"2018-09-19T10:18:06+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/"},"wordCount":942,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization"},"keywords":["British colonialism","homosexuality","Politics"],"articleSection":["Prosperity & Resilience"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/","name":"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world - Connecting Research","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2018-05-21T11:40:42+00:00","dateModified":"2018-09-19T10:18:06+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/05\/21\/how-britains-colonial-legacy-still-affects-lgbt-politics-around-the-world\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How Britain\u2019s colonial legacy still affects LGBT politics around the world"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/","name":"Connecting Research","description":"Research stories from across the University of Reading","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization","name":"University of Reading","alternateName":"UoR","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png","width":440,"height":147,"caption":"University of Reading"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/","https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniRdg_Research","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-reading\/mycompany\/verification\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsFUmxmcVbVJ-9iGczsKfuw","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Reading","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/uniofreading\/?hl=en","https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@uniofreading"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/99810845f887cb4c7aa3256ff496fd23","name":"Sarah Harrop","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b2262cee93695b78984ce6e297fcef9cc3d0555c9b1ececfd1bbfa7cad4cac8b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Sarah Harrop"},"url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/author\/s-harropreading-ac-uk\/"}]}},"cc_featured_image_caption":{"caption_text":false,"source_text":false,"source_url":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2731","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/127"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2731"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2731\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3519,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2731\/revisions\/3519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}