{"id":28268,"date":"2023-09-30T09:00:46","date_gmt":"2023-09-30T08:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=28268"},"modified":"2023-09-27T14:41:55","modified_gmt":"2023-09-27T13:41:55","slug":"city-watchdog-finds-no-evidence-for-recent-political-debanking-but-private-banks-have-been-picky-for-centuries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/09\/30\/city-watchdog-finds-no-evidence-for-recent-political-debanking-but-private-banks-have-been-picky-for-centuries\/","title":{"rendered":"City watchdog finds no evidence for recent political \u2018debanking\u2019 \u2013 but private banks have been picky for centuries"},"content":{"rendered":"

After a row over the closure of his bank account earlier this year, former politician Nigel Farage has hit out at the UK financial regulator for saying it has found\u00a0no recent evidence<\/a>\u00a0of customers being \u201cde-banked\u201d over their personal views.<\/p>\n

\"Coutts<\/p>\n

Farage believes private bank Coutts\u00a0closed his account<\/a>\u00a0because his political views didn\u2019t align with the company\u2019s values. Coutts and its parent company NatWest Group denied his accusations, saying\u00a0he didn\u2019t have enough funds<\/a>\u00a0to be a customer of the private bank. Farage was offered an account with NatWest\u2019s high street arm\u00a0but reportedly turned it down<\/a>\u00a0as unsuitable.<\/p>\n

UK chancellor Jeremy Hunt asked banking regulator the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) to\u00a0gather data<\/a>\u00a0from all UK banks about the reasons for any account closures, suspensions and services denied between July 2022 and June 2023. Farage\u2019s account was closed during this period.<\/p>\n

Admitting the data was gathered very quickly, FCA chief executive Nikhil Rathi, said: \u201cWhile no bank, building society or payment firm reported to us that they had closed accounts primarily due to someone\u2019s political views, further work is needed for us to be sure.\u201d<\/p>\n

Indeed, banks being choosy about which customers they accept is nothing new. Farage\u2019s furore has simply highlighted private bank behaviour that has persisted without much comment over centuries.<\/p>\n

The origins of private banks<\/h2>\n

When Coutts was set up\u00a0in London in 1692<\/a>, banks generally acted as an intermediary to encourage trade and the free flow of goods and services \u2013 but only for the rich. Banks facilitated the greater flow of capital among this exclusive group by lending them money, discounting their bills of exchange (like an IOU note) and providing them with deposit accounts.<\/p>\n

In the 18th and 19th centuries,\u00a0banks proliferated outside London<\/a>, throughout England\u2019s provinces.\u00a0London banks<\/a>\u00a0were typically larger and often funded international as well as national trade. Otherwise, there were few differences between London banks such as Coutts and these new country banks. They were both generally single units (no branches) and founded by a similar social group \u2013 the gentry \u2013 who initially offered financial services to their peers.<\/p>\n

Things started to change in the early 19th century with the introduction of joint stock banking. Joint stock banks tended to have much larger ownership structures comprising a local community of shareholders. Some even\u00a0opened branches<\/a>\u00a0and offered their services regionally, rather than just to a small number of local customers. But still, these bankers only expanded their financial services to the\u00a0mercantile classes<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 business owners, who had lacked access to banking previously.<\/p>\n

Even then, customers of joint stock banks were carefully restricted by the commercial communities that owned them and the managers that ran them. They used self-regulation to protect their industries\u00a0from \u201cbad\u201d traders<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 people who ran up debts, made poor business decisions or engaged in unethical business behaviour that didn\u2019t align with bank owners\u2019 values, aims and goals.<\/p>\n

In the 1850s, for example, Sheffield steelmaker Naylor Vickers & Co. ran up high levels of debt with the Sheffield Union Bank. The bank was only saved from failure by\u00a0a Bank of England intervention<\/a>. Such behaviour, when it occurred, was usually not worth litigating because the courts were busy and so commercial lawsuits were often\u00a0discouraged by leading judges<\/a>. This meant these matters were usually dealt with by \u201cdebanking\u201d or refusing service to offending business owners.<\/p>\n

Joint stock banks were more inclusive than the private banks, but still didn\u2019t serve the working classes. They applied a strict process of scrutinisation for all depositors, loan applicants and shareholders. Bank staff gathered information\u00a0from the local community<\/a>\u00a0through their economic, social, religious and political networks.<\/p>\n

This was an important process because these banks didn\u2019t have limited liability \u2013 shareholders were responsible for all of their banks\u2019 debts.<\/p>\n

Building high street banking behemoths<\/h2>\n

Another shift occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As joint stock banks grew they became limited liability companies to protect shareholders by ensuring that they were no longer liable for all of their bank\u2019s debts, only for an amount corresponding to the shares they held.<\/p>\n

These banks also became national as opposed to regional. It was then that they transformed into the high street behemoths with large branch networks that we know today. In fact,\u00a0the origins of NatWest<\/a>, the high street banking arm of Coutts, can be traced back to joint stock banks.<\/p>\n

Alongside this growth, bank managers could no longer use local information to assess customers. Head offices had to\u00a0undertake more standard checks<\/a>\u00a0on those applying for accounts or credit instead, losing some lending flexibility along the way.<\/p>\n

As British banks\u00a0became more competitive<\/a>\u00a0in the latter half of the 20th century, they wanted more deposits so they could offer more loans. So high street banks began to\u00a0target the previously \u201cunbanked\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 largely working-class people paid cash in hand. But private banks didn\u2019t change their business models or services at this time; to this day they remain concerned with serving the wealthiest people.<\/p>\n

What about today\u2019s \u2018unbanked\u2019?<\/h2>\n

British banks have long excluded customers based on their membership of a certain social class or group, making Farage\u2019s experience rather conventional when it comes to private banks. But there are\u00a0over a million people<\/a>\u00a0in the UK without a bank account \u2013 private or high street. It remains to be seen if this lack of access can be solved by new rules, such as those\u00a0recently announced by the government<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Like many other businesses, banks have long been using\u00a0market segmentation<\/a>\u00a0to design the kinds of products, services and advertising that will\u00a0attract customers<\/a>\u00a0they want to serve. As a result, British banking, and in particular private banking, will probably remain exclusive rather than inclusive.<\/p>\n

Lucy Newton<\/a> is <\/span>Professor in Business History at Henley Business School, University of Reading. Francesco De Pascalis is <\/span>Senior Lecturer in Financial Law at Brunel University London. Victoria Barnes is <\/span>Reader of Commercial Law at Queen’s University Belfast.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons Licence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

After a row over the closure of his bank account earlier this year, former politician Nigel Farage has hit out at the UK financial regulator for saying it has found\u00a0no…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":693,"featured_media":28273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[2426,2497,2277,2498],"class_list":["post-28268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prosperity-resilience","tag-banks","tag-fca","tag-feature","tag-uk-banking"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCity watchdog finds no evidence for recent political \u2018debanking\u2019 \u2013 but private banks have been picky for centuries - 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