{"id":28604,"date":"2023-11-27T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=28604"},"modified":"2023-11-22T14:33:52","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T14:33:52","slug":"boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/","title":{"rendered":"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their\u00a0own space stations in orbit<\/a>, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays.<\/p>\n

\"The
NASA, CC BY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.<\/p>\n

Axiom, which was founded in 2016, was the first company to\u00a0conduct privately funded missions<\/a>\u00a0to the ISS. Under\u00a0Axiom\u2019s Space Access Program<\/a>, it has been offering different countries the opportunity to design customised missions to orbit aboard SpaceX\u2019s Crew Dragon spacecraft. As such, it recently signed an agreement with the UK Space Agency for an\u00a0all-UK astronaut mission<\/a>\u00a0to the ISS.<\/p>\n

Nasa is increasingly\u00a0partnering with private companies<\/a>\u00a0to accomplish its space missions. However, initiatives such as the one with Axiom to fly multiple tourist missions to the ISS mark a new kind of commercialisation of space.<\/p>\n

Axiom\u2019s planned commercial space station will first be built as an add-on to the ISS. It will then be detached so that it becomes independent. Space tourism is a key part of its business model.<\/p>\n

Axiom is not alone in its aims. Jeff Bezos\u2019 Blue Origin, aerospace giant Northop Grumman, and smaller companies such as Nanoracks and Sierra Space are all developing their own space station designs. These are aimed at operating in low Earth orbit within the next decade.<\/p>\n

Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman and Nanoracks have\u00a0been awarded US$415 million (\u00a3335 million)<\/a>\u00a0by Nasa under the agency\u2019s Low Earth Economy strategy to develop their space station concepts. In effect, the Nasa strategy uses public money to enable private companies to bring in commercial money. This private investment then helps provide the infrastructure needed for science and operations in low Earth orbit.<\/p>\n

The scientific case for putting humans in space has historically been very weak \u2013 though not non-existent. Modern robotics and remote-control systems are now so good that the case is even weaker today than it ever was.<\/p>\n

To most scientists, human space missions are vanity projects to do with national prestige. However, most will concede that there are huge benefits in terms of public engagement and inspiration. If they were fully costed, though, it\u2019s unlikely that some experiments would be funded by the peer review panels of the science funding agencies.<\/p>\n

Space junk concerns<\/h2>\n

There are also major concerns about risks posed by the increase in the general number of space missions, particularly because space junk is already a major problem in low Earth orbit. In 1978, Nasa scientist Donald J Kessler described the\u00a0\u201cKessler syndrome\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 a potential runaway effect where a collision in space could spark many more debris impacts, leading to the destruction of multiple spacecraft, or even the\u00a0majority of low Earth orbit spacecraft<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Since 1999, the ISS has had to manoeuvre to avoid large pieces of space junk 32 times. Recently, the risk has been raised by a huge increase in the number of craft in low Earth orbit. In particular, since 2019, SpaceX and its competitors, such as OneWeb and Amazon Kuiper have embarked on programmes of launching tens of thousands of satellites into low Earth orbit to\u00a0provide internet access<\/a>.<\/p>\n

However, less than 0.5% of internet traffic is currently carried by satellite communications. Despite the potential benefits to unconnected people in rural areas, upfront and subscription costs mean that Starlink\u2019s current subscribers, make up less than\u00a00.02% of the global population<\/a>. They include many\u00a0cruise ships<\/a>, private\u00a0jets and luxury yachts<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Environmental concerns<\/h2>\n

The other area of great concern is the environmental effect of sending more people to space. It would increase the climate impacts of space activities by\u00a0an order of magnitude<\/a>. This would exacerbate the problems society is already experiencing.<\/p>\n

At present, the richest 1% of humans are emitting about 100 times more CO\u2082 than the poorest 10%. Internationally, policymakers are increasingly aware of the way that certain populations around the world may be affected more harshly by climate change than others. They are also aware of the pressures and instability generated by mass migration\u00a0caused by climate change<\/a>. Space tourism adds to this inequality.<\/p>\n

There are other serious environmental concerns. Launches, particularly with solid rocket boosters,\u00a0cause stratospheric ozone depletion<\/a>. There are also worrying levels of atmospheric pollution by metals caused by so many launches and\u00a0so much<\/a>,\u00a0re-entering debris<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This is an area that is moving forward with astounding speed. At first sight, it seems that we can harness the excitement and wonder of space travel to fund new opportunities for science and develop technology that\u2019s of great benefit to humankind.<\/p>\n

However, it would be wise to take the time to think through the potential consequences carefully. The human, or crewed, element means that the financial model of commercial human spaceflight is vulnerable to just a single failure, as the recent Titan submersible implosion proved.<\/p>\n

Even more importantly, activities in low Earth orbit are a hugely valuable, yet vulnerable resource.\u00a0They provide us<\/a>\u00a0with environmental and disaster monitoring systems, weather and climate monitoring, vegetation and crop growth measurements, geolocation and navigation (such as GPS) as well as communications.<\/p>\n

Despite my previous comments about their main rationale not being scientific, space stations such as the ISS have provided some unique opportunities for working in zero gravity. There have been some remarkable impacts in, for example,\u00a0medical<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0materials<\/a>\u00a0research.<\/p>\n

We must not destroy the vital resource of low Earth orbit with space junk. And we cannot just ignore the implications for the climate and environmental justice.<\/p>\n

Mike Lockwood is <\/span>Professor of Space Environment Physics at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons Licence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":693,"featured_media":28611,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1126,189,2277,2546,2547,838,2544,2545],"class_list":["post-28604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-astronaut","tag-climate-change","tag-feature","tag-international-space-station-iss","tag-nasa","tag-space","tag-space-junk","tag-space-tourism"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBoom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays. This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays. This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-11-27T09:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-22T14:33:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2023\/11\/ISS-pictured-from-SpaceX-fly-around-NASA.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1041\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"694\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-27T09:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-22T14:33:52+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\"},\"wordCount\":1012,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"astronaut\",\"climate change\",\"feature\",\"International Space Station (ISS)\",\"NASA\",\"space\",\"space junk\",\"space tourism\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Environment\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\",\"name\":\"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions - Connecting Research\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-27T09:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-22T14:33:52+00:00\",\"description\":\"Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays. This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\",\"name\":\"Connecting Research\",\"description\":\"Research stories from across the University of Reading\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"University of Reading\",\"alternateName\":\"UoR\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png\",\"width\":440,\"height\":147,\"caption\":\"University of Reading\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniRdg_Research\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-reading\/mycompany\/verification\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsFUmxmcVbVJ-9iGczsKfuw\",\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Reading\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/uniofreading\/?hl=en\",\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@uniofreading\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/author\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions - Connecting Research","description":"Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays. This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions - Connecting Research","og_description":"Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays. This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.","og_url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/","og_site_name":"Connecting Research","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/","article_published_time":"2023-11-27T09:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-11-22T14:33:52+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1041,"height":694,"url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2023\/11\/ISS-pictured-from-SpaceX-fly-around-NASA.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@UniRdg_Research","twitter_site":"@UniRdg_Research","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"","Estimated reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/"},"author":{"name":"","@id":""},"headline":"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions","datePublished":"2023-11-27T09:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-11-22T14:33:52+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/"},"wordCount":1012,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization"},"keywords":["astronaut","climate change","feature","International Space Station (ISS)","NASA","space","space junk","space tourism"],"articleSection":["Environment"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/","name":"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions - Connecting Research","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-11-27T09:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-11-22T14:33:52+00:00","description":"Commercial companies are increasingly becoming involved in transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), as well as other activities in orbit. Some, such as Houston-based Axiom Space, eventually want to build their own space stations in orbit, where commercial astronauts could make extended stays. This could also provide more money and opportunities for science to be carried out in low Earth orbit. But it also raises a host of safety concerns, because it will add to the already troublesome issue of space junk. There are also implications for the environment, because rockets produce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2023\/11\/27\/boom-in-space-tourism-threatens-to-boost-the-amounts-of-space-junk-and-climate-emissions\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Boom in space tourism threatens to boost the amounts of space junk and climate emissions"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/","name":"Connecting Research","description":"Research stories from across the University of Reading","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization","name":"University of Reading","alternateName":"UoR","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2022\/10\/University-of-Reading-Logo-1.png","width":440,"height":147,"caption":"University of Reading"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/","https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniRdg_Research","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-reading\/mycompany\/verification\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCsFUmxmcVbVJ-9iGczsKfuw","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Reading","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/uniofreading\/?hl=en","https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@uniofreading"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"","url":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/author\/"}]}},"cc_featured_image_caption":{"caption_text":"","source_text":"","source_url":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/693"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28604"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28614,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28604\/revisions\/28614"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}