{"id":2927,"date":"2018-06-14T15:41:51","date_gmt":"2018-06-14T14:41:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/the-forum\/?p=2927"},"modified":"2021-11-16T16:34:41","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T16:34:41","slug":"asylum-seekers-are-now-political-pawns-in-a-disharmonious-eu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/06\/14\/asylum-seekers-are-now-political-pawns-in-a-disharmonious-eu\/","title":{"rendered":"Asylum seekers are now political pawns in a disharmonious EU"},"content":{"rendered":"

In a new post for The Conversation<\/a>, Dr Ruvi Zeigler says the fate of the recently stranded boat carrying African migrants highlights the shaky state of the EU’s asylum system.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The fate of the Aquarius, a Doctors without Borders rescue ship left stranded for hours in the Mediterranean carrying 629 African migrants, is a stark reminder of the EU\u2019s ongoing stalemate on asylum policy.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The new Italian interior minister,\u00a0Matteo Salvini<\/a>, ordered ports to refuse docking to the ship, prompting a\u00a0rhetorical revolt by several Italian mayors<\/a>. Malta also refused docking, claiming that the rescue occurred in the\u00a0Italian search and rescue zone<\/a>. As the ship\u2019s supplies were running out, Spain\u2019s new prime minister, Pedro Sanchez, stepped up to the plate and\u00a0authorised docking in Valencia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The ducking of responsibility highlights the perilous state of the EU\u2019s Common European Asylum System, set out in article 78 of the\u00a0Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union<\/a>, and comes just weeks before the European Council convenes in Brussels, with \u201cmigration\u201d high on the\u00a0agenda. A meeting in early June of EU interior ministers failed to reach agreement on necessary reforms to the rules which govern sharing of responsibility for those who claim asylum when reaching EU shores.<\/p>\n

The EU\u2019s asylum system faces three fundamental, and interrelated, challenges. First, the equitable allocation of responsibility for assessing asylum claims and providing protection under EU law. Second, the harmonisation and standardisation of how these decisions are made. And third, freedom of movement of \u201cbeneficiaries of international protection\u201d namely, those entitled to\u00a0refugee or subsidiary protection<\/a>\u00a0status.<\/p>\n

The default position, subject to humanitarian exceptions, under what has become known as the\u00a0\u201cDublin III\u201d regulation<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 is that the first EU member state whose border an asylum seeker has \u201cirregularly\u201d crossed is responsible for processing their asylum claim and providing them with reception conditions. They are then responsible to host those who are recognised as \u201cbeneficiaries of international protection\u201d. Notably, under Dublin III, the obligation rests on the member state, not the asylum seekers. Some asylum seekers may wish instead to join relatives or friends in another country, or to reach a country with a welcoming \u2013 and functioning \u2013 asylum system.<\/p>\n

Dublin III has disproportionately affected \u201cfrontier\u201d member states, particularly Greece and Italy. But it also creates a perverse incentive for a member state not to recognise asylum seekers, given that after being recognised, they are then unable to move freely between member states. For this reason, I\u00a0have previously advocated<\/a>\u00a0for the creation of an \u201cEU protection space\u201d where beneficiaries of international protection can exercise mobility rights.<\/p>\n

Emergency relocation, glacial pace<\/strong><\/p>\n

Following the \u201cemergency situation\u201d in 2015, which to borrow the EU\u2019s treaty language was \u201ccharacterised by a sudden inflow\u201d of \u201cthird country nationals\u201d, in September 2015, the European Council adopted two decisions \u2013\u00a02015\/1523<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a02015\/1601<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 mandating relocation of asylum seekers from Greece and Italy to other member states based on quotas. Hungary, which was originally supposed to benefit from such relocation as well, refused to co-operate with the scheme.<\/p>\n

Relocation \u2013 which is different to resettlement \u2013 was intended for asylum seekers already in the EU. The way the scheme was designed meant that it was mainly Syrians, Eritreans, or Somalis who were eligible for relocation. The quota of people each member state was allocated was calculated using a formula. This was weighted 40% on its population, 40% on its GDP, 10% on the number of asylum seekers it already hosted, and 10% on its unemployment level.<\/p>\n

Article 80 of the EU\u2019s Lisbon Treaty stipulates that EU policy shall be \u201cgoverned by the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility\u201d. Nevertheless, the emergency relocation scheme faced resistance from the Visegrad group of Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. This forced the commission to initiate\u00a0infringement proceedings<\/a>against the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Its\u00a0March 2018 report<\/a>\u00a0noted that, two and half years since the scheme began,\u00a034,000 people have been relocated<\/a>. It also called on all member states to \u201cconsider continuing relocations on a voluntary basis, beyond the emergency relocation schemes\u201d which have now concluded.<\/p>\n

Where next<\/strong><\/p>\n

In its May 2018\u00a0progress report<\/a>\u00a0on the implementation of the European Agenda on Migration, the European Commission noted that, after a\u00a0peak of over 1.2m<\/a>\u00a0applications per year in 2015 and 2016, the 28 EU member states saw less than 0.7m applications in 2017.<\/p>\n

There are still proposals on the table for how to reform Dublin III. In a November 2017\u00a0report<\/a>, the European Parliament advocated a radical overhaul of the Dublin rules, based on automatic asylum seeker allocation criteria. This would be based on the GDP of a member state, as well as humanitarian grounds (family, cultural or social ties), language skills, and professional skills.<\/p>\n

However, the ambition of the EU\u2019s institutions to reform the rules appears a far cry from that of many of its members. No agreement on a way forward was reached at the\u00a0meeting<\/a>\u00a0in early June where EU interior ministers discussed a compromise proposal to tweak some of the existing exceptions to the first EU country of entry rule. The Bulgarian minister of interior\u00a0described<\/a>\u00a0\u201ca frank discussion on fundamental aspects of the asylum reform\u201d. But with Cyrpus, Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain\u00a0critical<\/a>\u00a0of the limited nature of the proposed reforms, and the Visegrad group states in opposition to mandatory relocation, the EU remains in stalemate over a way forward.<\/p>\n

The Aquarius confrontation suggests that the best that can be expected from the June 28-29 European Council summit is a fudge. In July, Austria\u2019s chancellor, Sebastian Kurz, takes the reins of the\u00a0rotating presidency<\/a>\u00a0of the EU Council. Given his rhetoric, a European \u201cright to asylum\u201d \u2013 set out in\u00a0Article 18 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 seems to be sailing away.<\/p>\n

This post was originally published on The Conversation, 13 June 2018.<\/a> Dr Reuven (Ruvi) Ziegler is Associate Professor in International Refugee Law in the University of Reading’s School of Law, where he is Director of the Global LLM (postgraduate) programmes in Human Rights, International Law, and Advanced Legal Studies.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In a new post for The Conversation, Dr Ruvi Zeigler says the fate of the recently stranded boat carrying African migrants highlights the shaky state of the EU’s asylum system….Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[88,335],"class_list":["post-2927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-prosperity-resilience","tag-asylum-seekers","tag-eu"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAsylum seekers are now political pawns in a disharmonious EU - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2018\/06\/14\/asylum-seekers-are-now-political-pawns-in-a-disharmonious-eu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Asylum seekers are now political pawns in a disharmonious EU - 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