{"id":29422,"date":"2024-04-16T16:40:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-16T15:40:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=29422"},"modified":"2024-04-16T16:42:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T15:42:56","slug":"april-showers-a-rainfall-scientist-explains-what-they-are-and-why-they-are-becoming-more-intense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/04\/16\/april-showers-a-rainfall-scientist-explains-what-they-are-and-why-they-are-becoming-more-intense\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018April showers\u2019 \u2013 a rainfall scientist explains what they are and why they are becoming more intense"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\u201cMarch winds and April showers bring forth May flowers\u201d, goes the old British proverb. The term was even (almost) used in Geoffrey Chaucer\u2019s Canterbury Tales in the 1300s: \u201cWhan that Aprill with his shoures soote\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The idea of \u201cApril showers\u201d is ingrained in the nation\u2019s cultural consciousness as a symbol of spring and nature\u2019s renewal. These phrases date back to times when knowing planting dates for crops was essential to most people, yet such weather lore was the only forecast available.<\/p>\n<p>But what exactly is an \u201cApril shower\u201d, and how are they affected by climate change? As a meteorologist \u2013 specifically a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/meteorology\/people\/robert-thompson\/\">rainfall scientist<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 I\u2019m interested in applying modern science to answer questions such as these.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;29423&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221;][vc_column_text]In Britain, Ireland \u2013 and indeed much of coastal northern Europe \u2013 the weather in April really can be very variable. Though showers are the \u201cclassic\u201d weather, the month can bring almost anything from fog, hail, thunder,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.metoffice.gov.uk\/2016\/04\/27\/snow-in-late-april-more-common-than-you-may-think\/\">snow<\/a>, biting cold frosts and drizzly days.<\/p>\n<p>What are we going to define as April showers? I don\u2019t think it is fair to restrict the definition to April, as a shower on March 31 isn\u2019t really any different to one on April 1. That\u2019s especially relevant in a world where the climate has changed since the expression came about \u2013 for instance, scientists at Cambridge recently showed that the first flowers occur almost\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2456\">one month earlier<\/a>\u00a0than they did before 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps we could instead think of April showers as springtime showers, characterised by intermittent patterns where it is sunny then a few minutes later it\u2019s raining, possibly rather hard, yet ten minutes later it\u2019s sunny again. The same showers can be very localised, sometimes only a few kilometres across. You might get hit by a heavy shower, yet your friend at the other end of the road remains dry.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cScattered showers\u201d or \u201csunshine and showers\u201d are expressions often used, and often criticised, in weather forecasts, but they really do mean small-scale showers \u2013 and, at least for now, forecasts of their specific locations just aren\u2019t possible.<\/p>\n<h2>What causes April showers<\/h2>\n<p>Meteorologically, April showers are caused by convection, the well-known process by which \u201chot air rises\u201d within the atmosphere. By spring, it is quite noticeable how much warmer it is in the sun than the shade. The mid-April sun is actually as strong as that in late August.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;29424&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221;][vc_column_text]The sun\u2019s energy mostly passes through air and instead heats the surface. With hotter air at surface level than higher up, the atmosphere becomes unstable. Warm air on the ground moves rapidly upwards, producing rain clouds and precipitation.<\/p>\n<p>The strength of this process and how far up that newly warmed air reaches, determines the strength of the shower. In summer, when there is already more energy in the weather system, showers are often more intense and less widespread. For spring showers, the sun is adding energy to a cooler system, which means less energy is needed to trigger convection. So while showers are less intense than during summer, they tend to happen more often.<\/p>\n<p>This is at least partly why the month of April has the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/research\/climate\/maps-and-data\/uk-climate-averages\/gcpkdssgk\">lowest average rain per wet day<\/a>\u00a0of the whole year \u2013 it has lots of rainy days, but fewer of the long downpours you might see in other seasons. However April is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/research\/climate\/maps-and-data\/uk-climate-averages\/gcpkdssgk\">getting wetter over time<\/a>, at least in terms of overall rainfall (the number of rainy days is almost unchanged).<\/p>\n<h2>Climate change means more intense showers<\/h2>\n<p>One of the major drivers of spring showers is the jet stream, a band of very strong winds around 10km above sea level that controls the weather we experience on the ground.<\/p>\n<p>In the spring, the jet stream moves northwards, which can bring rather unsettled weather \u2013 the cause of those March winds in the proverb. The other effect is increased passage of weather fronts that usually bring bands of rain, which can lead to conditions rife for scattered convection.<\/p>\n<p>The other significant factor is that the sea around the UK is still cold in spring, while the land (which always changes temperature faster than sea) has already begun to warm up. This means that convection (and hence showers) happens more over land.<\/p>\n<p>Climate change continues to alter global weather patterns, and as a result the future of April showers is less certain. A warmer world means April showers are likely to occur earlier in the year, and be\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/intense-downpours-in-the-uk-will-increase-due-to-climate-change-new-study-200385\">more intense<\/a>\u00a0though perhaps less widespread. But droughts will also happen\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/britains-notoriously-wet-and-cold-climate-is-changing-you-wont-like-what-replaces-it-188022\">more often<\/a>. Extreme weather is becoming more frequent, and more extreme \u2013 and April showers are unlikely to be an exception.<\/p>\n<p>Rob Thompson is Postdoctoral Research Scientist and Teaching Fellow in Meteorology at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/april-showers-a-rainfall-scientist-explains-what-they-are-and-why-they-are-becoming-more-intense-226852#:~:text=Meteorologically%2C%20April%20showers%20are%20caused,as%20that%20in%20late%20August.\">The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons Licence.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\u201cMarch winds and April showers bring forth May flowers\u201d, goes the old British proverb. The term was even (almost) used in Geoffrey Chaucer\u2019s Canterbury Tales in the 1300s: \u201cWhan that&#8230;<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#45;&#98;&#108;&#111;&#103;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#52;&#47;&#48;&#52;&#47;&#49;&#54;&#47;&#97;&#112;&#114;&#105;&#108;&#45;&#115;&#104;&#111;&#119;&#101;&#114;&#115;&#45;&#97;&#45;&#114;&#97;&#105;&#110;&#102;&#97;&#108;&#108;&#45;&#115;&#99;&#105;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#105;&#115;&#116;&#45;&#101;&#120;&#112;&#108;&#97;&#105;&#110;&#115;&#45;&#119;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#45;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#121;&#45;&#97;&#114;&#101;&#45;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#45;&#119;&#104;&#121;&#45;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#121;&#45;&#97;&#114;&#101;&#45;&#98;&#101;&#99;&#111;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#45;&#109;&#111;&#114;&#101;&#45;&#105;&#110;&#116;&#101;&#110;&#115;&#101;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":29423,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2277],"class_list":["post-29422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-feature"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u2018April showers\u2019 \u2013 a rainfall scientist explains what they are and why they are becoming more intense - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/04\/16\/april-showers-a-rainfall-scientist-explains-what-they-are-and-why-they-are-becoming-more-intense\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018April showers\u2019 \u2013 a rainfall scientist explains what they are and why they are becoming more intense - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\u201cMarch winds and April showers bring forth May flowers\u201d, goes the old British proverb. 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