{"id":29491,"date":"2024-05-10T15:49:33","date_gmt":"2024-05-10T14:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=29491"},"modified":"2024-05-17T14:42:38","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T13:42:38","slug":"a-new-campaign-wants-to-redefine-the-word-nature-to-include-humans-heres-why-this-linguistic-argument-matters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/05\/10\/a-new-campaign-wants-to-redefine-the-word-nature-to-include-humans-heres-why-this-linguistic-argument-matters\/","title":{"rendered":"A new campaign wants to redefine the word \u2018nature\u2019 to include humans \u2013 here\u2019s why this linguistic argument matters"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]What does the word nature mean to you? Does it conjure visions of wild places away from the hustle and bustle of people, or does it include humans too? The meaning of nature has changed since the word was first used back as early as the\u00a015th century<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”29492″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]Now a new campaign,\u00a0We Are Nature<\/a>, aims to persuade dictionaries to include humans in their definitions of nature. This campaign, a collaboration between a group of lawyers and a design company, involves a petition and\u00a0open letter<\/a>, as well as a collection of alternative definitions supplied by various thinkers and authors (including me). Here\u2019s my definition of nature:<\/p>\n

\n

The living world comprised as the total set of organisms and relationships between them. These organisms include bacteria, fungi, plants and animals (including humans). Some definitions may also include non-living entities as part of nature \u2013 such as mountains, waterfalls and cloud formations \u2013 in recognition of their important role underpinning the web of life.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Derived from the Latin\u00a0natura<\/em>, literally meaning \u201cbirth\u201d, nature used to only refer to the innate qualities or essential disposition of something. But over time, it also began to describe something \u201cother\u201d or separate to humans. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED)\u00a0defines nature as<\/a>:<\/p>\n

The phenomena of the physical world collectively; esp. plants, animals, and other features and products of the Earth itself, as opposed to humans and human creations.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But how did we arrive at such a definition, which hinges on us being apart from, rather than a part of, the natural world? Since the 17th century, a rationalist world view prompted by philosophers such as Ren\u00e9 Descartes increasingly saw things from a mechanical perspective, comparing the workings of the universe to a great machine. Rather than any kind of divine spirit inhabiting the natural world, this perspective emphasised the split between the human mind and physical matter.<\/p>\n

Anything non-human fell into the latter category and was likened to clockwork machinery. But that view has since been found to lead to\u00a0animal cruelty<\/a>, and many environmental bodies including the\u00a0European Environment Agency<\/a>\u00a0suggest this disconnect is accelerating the decline of nature.<\/p>\n

Is it OK to change words in a dictionary through lobbying? There are two lines of thought here. One might argue yes, if the scientific evidence suggests the distinction between nature and humans is illusory \u2013 something I\u00a0have argued<\/a>\u00a0based on findings in biology, ecology and neuroscience.<\/p>\n

A dictionary definition represents society\u2019s framing of the natural world. This in turn influences our perception of our place within it \u2013 and the actions we take to protect nature. So, the words we use have real-world impacts: they frame how we think and determine how we feel and act. Linguist\u00a0George Lakoff<\/a>\u00a0has argued that they ultimately structure our society.<\/p>\n

My children are growing up in a world where humans feel disconnected with nature \u2013 indeed, the UK ranks among the\u00a0most disconnected<\/a>\u00a0countries. Research shows this leads people to make\u00a0fewer positive environmental changes to their behaviour<\/a>, such as reducing their carbon footprint, recycling, or doing voluntary conservation work.<\/p>\n

Conversely, when people feel they are enmeshed with nature, they are not only greener in their behaviour but they tend to be\u00a0happier<\/a>. So I absolutely want my kids to grow up feeling they are part of nature.<\/p>\n

There are some words that I certainly recommend we use less. I dislike the term \u201cnatural capital\u201d, referring to nature as an asset that can be\u00a0commodified and sold<\/a>. These words have a place with professional environmentalists and policy, but they can also create\u00a0psychological distancing<\/a>\u00a0and make us care less for natural world.<\/p>\n

One sustainability-focused communications agency found the best way to motivate people about protecting nature is through messages based on\u00a0awe and wonder<\/a>, rather than the economic value of nature.\u00a0Scientific studies<\/a>\u00a0back this up.<\/p>\n

Dangers of controlling language<\/h2>\n

But I\u2019m torn. Another line of thought suggests it\u2019s not OK to change the meaning of words through lobbying, and that dictionaries should reflect how words are being used \u2013 the OED\u00a0takes this position<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dystopian fiction, including George Orwell\u2019s\u00a01984<\/a>, highlights the dangers of a world where controlling the language allows control of the population. Dictionaries bowing to pressure from lobbying seems to set a dangerous precedent.<\/p>\n

With regards to the meaning of nature, if a word is too broad, it may lose its usefulness in communication, just like a blunt knife is a poor tool for carving food. People wanting to articulate the natural world may simply use other words, such as \u201cenvironment\u201d. This word is derived from the French\u00a0environs<\/em>, explicitly describing something surrounding us.<\/p>\n

Environment has already been replacing nature in our modern lexicon. This may reflect a subtle cognitive shift towards increasingly seeing human beings as distinct entities, separate from the natural world.<\/p>\n

Nature v environment: tracking the use of these words<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\"Graph<\/div>\n
<\/div>
Analysis of word use frequency in literature from 1800 to present day.<\/span>\u00a0Figure sourced from Google \u2018Ngram\u2019<\/span>,\u00a0CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

But the We Are Nature campaign is not just lobbying the OED based on a preferred use of language. The organisers have collated many\u00a0historical uses of the word<\/a>\u00a0nature from 1850 to the present day, some of which include humans in the meaning, and presented the dictionary with this evidence. In April 2024, as a result, the OED removed the label \u201cobsolete\u201d from a secondary, wider definition of nature comprising \u201cthe whole natural world, including human beings\u201d.<\/p>\n

But to change the primary definition of nature from \u201cas opposed to humans\u201d to \u201cincluding humans\u201d will require more people to use the word in a way that reflects how humans are intertwined with the whole web of life.<\/p>\n

The great thing is, by doing this, we rekindle the bonds of care towards the living world around us. And by dispelling the illusion of our separation from nature, we can also expect to live\u00a0happier lives<\/a>. Words matter \u2013 there is restoration and joy from talking about how we are nature.<\/p>\n

Tom Oliver is Research Dean for Environment at the University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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