{"id":29569,"date":"2024-06-10T13:54:02","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T12:54:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=29569"},"modified":"2024-06-10T14:10:44","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T13:10:44","slug":"pirates-and-politicians-what-a-300-year-old-book-about-the-most-notorious-buccaneers-reveals-about-british-politics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/06\/10\/pirates-and-politicians-what-a-300-year-old-book-about-the-most-notorious-buccaneers-reveals-about-british-politics\/","title":{"rendered":"Pirates and politicians: what a 300-year-old book about the most notorious buccaneers reveals about British politics"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Three hundred years ago, A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates by Captain Charles Johnson first hit the shelves of London\u2019s booksellers. The book aimed, according to Johnson, to give \u201ca distinct Relation of every Pyrate who has made any Figure\u201d.<\/p>\n

Here were all the fabled plunderers of the seas:\u00a0Blackbeard<\/a>, Bartholomew Roberts, Anne Bonny and Mary Read and many others. More than any other book, the General History changed the way we see pirates. It created\u00a0the image<\/a>\u00a0that word still conjures today.<\/p>\n

The first edition appeared on May 14 1724 (in the Julian calendar; May 27 in the calendar we use now). It was sold by Charles Rivington at the Bible and Crown in St Paul\u2019s Churchyard, London,\u00a0a popular location<\/a>\u00a0for booksellers. James Lacy at the Ship near\u00a0Temple Gate<\/a>\u00a0and J. Stone near the Crown coffee house also stocked it.<\/p>\n

As I discuss in my new book,\u00a0Enemies of All: The Rise and Fall of the Pirates<\/a>, Johnson\u2019s history was an immediate sensation. A\u00a0second edition<\/a>, \u201cwith considerable additions\u201d, was rushed out the same year, after its forerunner\u2019s \u201csuccess by the Publick occasioned a very earnest Demand\u201d.[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”29579″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

The book’s cover page. Wikimedia<\/a>. This file is licensed under the\u00a0Creative Commons<\/a>\u00a0Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International<\/a> license. Author: Mivadika NyTrozona.<\/h5>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]In the second edition, Johnson promised a sequel \u201cif the Publick gives him Encouragement\u201d \u2013 and the public must have done just that. Johnson\u2019s additional volume was published a few years later, by 1728. Translations and abridged versions soon followed.<\/p>\n

The General History appeared in the waning years of what historians sometimes call the \u201cgolden age of piracy\u201d. Though the meaning of that term varies, it is generally applied to the 1710s and 1720s. Blackbeard, or Edward Teach, died only six years before the General History appeared, in 1718; Bonny and Read were put on trial in 1720. The US historian Marcus Rediker\u00a0estimates<\/a>\u00a0that some 5,000 pirates roamed the Atlantic and Indian oceans in these decades.<\/p>\n

Yet, the success of the General History was not only due to its topicality. It is a gripping, vivid read.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]It is full of characterful descriptions and dramatic action, as well as some horrifyingly graphic details. Teach is described as a man of \u201cuncommon Boldness and personal Courage\u201d, known for his \u201cFrolicks of Wickedness\u201d. His \u201cCognomen of Black-beard\u201d derived, Johnson writes, from the \u201clarge Quantity of Hair, which like a frightful Meteor, covered his whole Face and frightened America more than any Comet \u2026 Imagination cannot form an Idea of a Fury, from Hell, to look more frightful.\u201d[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”29575″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Blackbeard the Pirate.<\/h5>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]Johnson provides so many of the ideas now associated with piracy. He defines the \u201cJolly Roger\u201d as the name commonly given to the stereotypical black flag of a pirate. He describes a scene that features something like walking the plank (albeit in a chapter on Roman pirates).[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Another key feature he presents is various pirate codes, of which Roberts\u2019 is the most well-known. Johnson claims it stated that \u201cEvery Man has a Vote in Affairs of Moment\u201d, as well as \u201cequal Title\u201d \u2013 or right \u2013 to alcohol and provisions. Pirates form part of a commonwealth or fraternity, to use Johnson\u2019s terms, as \u201cConfederates and Brethren in Iniquity\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bonny and Read appear prominently too. These are the only pirates who were not captains who Johnson names on the title page, and who get chapters and illustrations of their own. As Sally O’Driscoll has shown, these pictures became increasingly\u00a0sexualised<\/a>\u00a0in later editions. Bonny and Read\u2019s story involved cross-dressing and the hint of a lesbian love affair \u2013 yet many details of it were considerably embellished or, more likely, made up.<\/p>\n

That is the problem with the General History. Authors and artists \u2013 from Robert Louis Stevenson\u2019s Treasure Island to those behind the\u00a0Pirates of the Caribbean<\/a>\u00a0movie franchise, the Netflix drama Black Sails,\u00a0Our Flag Means Death<\/a>\u00a0on HBO and the Playstation game\u00a0Assassin\u2019s Creed IV: Black Flag<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 have gone back to it again and again. So too have academic historians, mining its colourful tales. Yet it remains a puzzle.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]Another key feature he presents is various pirate codes, of which Roberts\u2019 is the most well-known. Johnson claims it stated that \u201cEvery Man has a Vote in Affairs of Moment\u201d, as well as \u201cequal Title\u201d \u2013 or right \u2013 to alcohol and provisions. Pirates form part of a commonwealth or fraternity, to use Johnson\u2019s terms, as \u201cConfederates and Brethren in Iniquity\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bonny and Read appear prominently too. These are the only pirates who were not captains who Johnson names on the title page, and who get chapters and illustrations of their own. As Sally O’Driscoll has shown, these pictures became increasingly\u00a0sexualised<\/a>\u00a0in later editions. Bonny and Read\u2019s story involved cross-dressing and the hint of a lesbian love affair \u2013 yet many details of it were considerably embellished or, more likely, made up.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”29576″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Anne Bonny. Wikimedia<\/a>.<\/h5>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]That is the problem with the General History. Authors and artists \u2013 from Robert Louis Stevenson\u2019s Treasure Island to those behind the\u00a0Pirates of the Caribbean<\/a>\u00a0movie franchise, the Netflix drama Black Sails,\u00a0Our Flag Means Death<\/a>\u00a0on HBO and the Playstation game\u00a0Assassin\u2019s Creed IV: Black Flag<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 have gone back to it again and again. So too have academic historians, mining its colourful tales. Yet it remains a puzzle.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]A\u00a0more likely candidate<\/a>, according to historian Arne Bialuschewski, is a Jacobite controversialist by the name of Nathaniel Mist.<\/p>\n

Mist worked with Defoe at times and got into trouble with the law for his forthright opinions about the Georgian monarchy. His Weekly Journal published the first two (very positive) reviews of the General History. You have to wonder at that coincidence.<\/p>\n

If Mist was the author, it would explain the purpose of the General History as not a historical account of piracy but rather, as literature scholar Richard Frohock\u00a0points out<\/a>, a satire on British politics.<\/p>\n

In the General History, the supposedly democratic pirates are pilloried, their democracies regularly collapsing into violent chaos. Its real target was people like the directors of the\u00a0South Sea Company<\/a>\u00a0who, the author claims, were even worse than pirates. One review in the Weekly Journal suggested that each pirate was an allegory of some prominent public figure. Sadly, it didn\u2019t identify any.<\/p>\n

The tradition of using pirates as political rhetoric to get at opponents was nothing new. It dates back at least to Roman times and\u00a0Cicero<\/a>, if not earlier.<\/p>\n

Yet the General History pursued that tactic in such a way that it has captured imaginations ever since. There is a deep irony in the fact that its author\u2019s original purpose has been forgotten, while the very particular image of pirates he concocted has survived and thrived.<\/p>\n

Richard Blakemore is <\/span>Associate Professor in Social and Maritime History, University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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