{"id":29653,"date":"2024-07-05T08:00:31","date_gmt":"2024-07-05T07:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=29653"},"modified":"2024-07-04T15:42:19","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T14:42:19","slug":"aphrodite-signified-more-than-beauty-five-other-realms-in-which-the-greek-goddess-also-reigned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/07\/05\/aphrodite-signified-more-than-beauty-five-other-realms-in-which-the-greek-goddess-also-reigned\/","title":{"rendered":"Aphrodite signified more than beauty \u2013 five other realms in which the Greek goddess also reigned"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]For the ancient Greeks, Aphrodite was about so much more than love and beauty. In an overarching way, she was the goddess of consensus, as in any interaction between consenting people or groups of people. In politics, business and war, as well as human relationships, Aphrodite embodied the natural force,\u00a0mixis<\/em><\/a>, which translates into connections or dealings between persons or groups. It helped things to work smoothly in ancient society.<\/p>\n

Aphrodite had many epithets (descriptive terms accompanying, or used in place of, a name) that showed her different qualities. Here are five examples of how the goddess Aphrodite \u2013 with varying epithets \u2013 reigned supreme in different realms through\u00a0mixis<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”29654″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

1. Politics<\/h2>\n

The Athenians honoured their gods on a special day each month, the fourth for Aphrodite. Each year, on the fourth of\u00a0Hekatombaion<\/em>\u00a0(roughly<\/a>\u00a0the beginning of our July) they celebrated Aphrodite\u2019s feast, the\u00a0Aphrodisia<\/em>. Aphrodite shared this feast \u2013 and her cult site on the southwest slope of Athens\u2019 Acropolis \u2013 with Peitho.<\/p>\n

Peitho was the goddess of persuasion. Together they were thought to have united the people of Athens in a process of\u00a0synoikism<\/em> (the amalgamation of villages into one unified city state). This process really happened in Athens by the sixth century BC. There are many mythic versions of it; it\u2019s hard to divide history from myth, especially in ancient Greece.<\/p>\n

The travel writer\u00a0Pausanias wrote that<\/a>\u00a0the Greek hero Theseus founded the cult of Aphrodite\u00a0Pandemos<\/em>\u00a0(\u201ccommon to all the people\u201d), on completion of Athens\u2019\u00a0synoikism<\/em>. In\u00a0his book<\/a>\u00a0on the life of Theseus, Greek philosopher and historian\u00a0Plutarch adds<\/a>\u00a0that Theseus was guided by Aphrodite\u00a0Epitragia<\/em>\u00a0(\u201con a goat\u201d) on his journey towards Athens, where he was destined to become king, but that she also guided him in the\u00a0synoikism<\/em>\u00a0and in founding her cult.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

2. Business<\/h2>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=”29655″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]Bust of Solon, copy from a Greek original (circa \u2009110BC). \u00a0<\/span><\/span>National Archaeological Museum\/Wiki Commons<\/a>,\u00a0CC BY-SA<\/a>.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Plutarch\u2019s account is just one story. An alternative history claims that the Athenian lawmaker Solon founded Athens\u2019 temple of Aphrodite\u00a0Pandemos<\/em>\u00a0using the income of sex workers. This story comes from the third-century BC writer Athenaios, who cited the comic poet Philemon of Syracuse and an expert on poison (Nikander of Kolophon) as his sources.<\/p>\n

Athenaios hailed from Naukratis, a trading emporium in the Nile River delta, where the oldest evidence of Aphrodite\u00a0Pandemos<\/em>\u00a0has been found. As early as 615BC, Aphrodite had a small temple on the site. The use of her epithet\u00a0Pandemos<\/em>\u00a0here likely refers to the many groups of foreigners who came together amicably in this business centre.<\/p>\n

The ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote stories about famous sex workers. He described them as\u00a0\u201cendowed with the blessings of Aphrodite\u201d<\/a>\u00a0to emphasise their prospering businesses, although perhaps he was also playing with double entendre.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

3. War<\/h2>\n

Copper ore is named for Cyprus (Kypros), the island\u2019s most famous export.\u00a0Kyprian<\/em>\u00a0Aphrodite was a local Cypriote goddess who was patron of metal ores. Is it any wonder that she married Hephaestus, the god of metal working? Perhaps when she took Ares, god of war, as her lover, Aphrodite was attracted by his metal armour.[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]Dressed for battle, Aphrodite is shown riding a chariot across the surface of this Athenian amphora (storage jar), now\u00a0in the British Museum<\/a>. Ancient sources convey few stories of Aphrodite\u2019s fighting abilities, but they do note the many warlike epithets used for her statues and cult centres:\u00a0Areia<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cwarlike\u201d),\u00a0Encheios<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cwith a spear\u201d),\u00a0Hegemone<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cleader\u201d),\u00a0Hoplismene<\/em>\u00a0(\u201carmed\u201d),\u00a0Nikephoros<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cbearer of victory\u201d) and\u00a0Strateia<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cof the army\u201d).<\/p>\n

Figurines of warriors and hunters dedicated to Aphrodite at her temples indicate that she had a widespread following among military men. Clearly she supported the troops; worshipping her together bonded them as brothers in arms.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”29663″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]Dressed for battle, Aphrodite rides a chariot on this jar, circa 540BC.<\/span>\u00a0British Museum<\/a>,\u00a0CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

4. Human relationships<\/h2>\n

There is evidence of Aphrodite\u2019s role in affairs of the heart that predates even Homer\u2019s\u00a0Iliad<\/em>\u00a0(which\u00a0was written<\/a>\u00a0in the late-eighth or early-seventh century BC).<\/p>\n

A\u00a0skyphos<\/em>, or deep cup, found in a grave from an early Greek cemetery at Pithekoussai, Italy, is decorated with one of the earliest Greek poetic inscriptions. Its three lines read: \u201cI am [the cup] of Nestor, good for drinking. Whoever drinks from this cup, desire for beautifully crowned Aphrodite will seize him instantly.\u201d[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”29666″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]The humble \u2018cup of Nestor\u2019 from Pithekoussai (circa 725BC)<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0Marcus Cyron\/Wiki Commons<\/a>,\u00a0CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]We know of Nestor, a wise Mycenaean king, from\u00a0the Iliad<\/a>, where his beautiful servant Hekamede brings him a four-handled golden drinking vessel. What this humble \u201ccup of Nestor\u201d (above) from Pithekoussai lacks in splendour, it gains in reference to the powerful goddess Aphrodite.<\/p>\n

5. Nature<\/h2>\n

Despite reigning over vegetation and fertility, Aphrodite was powerless to stop the death of her mortal lover, Adonis. So her worshippers throughout the eastern Mediterranean joined her in mourning his loss in\u00a0Adoneia<\/em>\u00a0festivals.<\/p>\n

The comic poet\u00a0Euboulos wrote<\/a>\u00a0that Aphrodite laid Adonis on lettuce leaves after his death. So in Athens, Adonis\u2019 death was symbolised by \u201cbroken pots\u201d of lettuce, left to wither on the rooftops during the festivals.<\/p>\n

Ridiculed by contemporary comic poets, the supposed solemnity of the\u00a0Adoneia<\/em>\u00a0has been largely dismissed as nonsense by later writers. In 290BC, the playwright Menander, for example,\u00a0described the Adoneia<\/em><\/a>\u00a0as a raucous all-night party. That may explain why we have no fixed date for its celebration.<\/p>\n

We know from ancient texts that Aphrodite\u2019s followers brought natural offerings as votive gifts to her temples. In her\u00a0poetic call to Aphrodite<\/a>, the sixth century BC poet Sappho mentions apples, flowers, nectar and incense. Such organic offerings are aspects of antiquity that are largely lost, but archaeologists have also found pebbles and shells at Aphrodite\u2019s sites. The memory of such recycled gifts, returning nature to nature, shows respect for Aphrodite from an ecological perspective.<\/p>\n

Amy C. Smith is <\/span>Professor of Classical Archaeology \/ Curator of the Ure Museum, University of Reading.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons licence.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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