{"id":29797,"date":"2024-08-07T08:00:01","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T07:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=29797"},"modified":"2024-08-07T09:15:32","modified_gmt":"2024-08-07T08:15:32","slug":"bigger-animals-dont-always-have-the-biggest-brains-relative-to-body-size-new-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/07\/bigger-animals-dont-always-have-the-biggest-brains-relative-to-body-size-new-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Bigger animals don\u2019t always have the biggest brains relative to body size \u2013 new research"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Scientists have long believed that, generally speaking, the bigger an animal is, the bigger its brain. But our\u00a0recent study<\/a>\u00a0challenges the nature of that linear view and reveals new insights about how brain size and body size have evolved together.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”29798″ img_size=”large”][vc_column_text]There is astounding diversity in the shape, size and internal structure of the brain among different animals. While the size of the brain usually\u00a0correlates with cognitive abilities<\/a>, its variation is strongly linked to the size of the animal itself.<\/p>\n

As an animal gets larger, its brain size increases as well, though not in direct proportion \u2013 it is not a one-to-one relationship. This phenomenon is called\u00a0allometric scaling<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Body size in mammals ranges from tiny\u00a0bumblebee bats<\/a>\u00a0weighing in at less than two grams right up to the largest animal that has ever lived, the several-tonne\u00a0blue whale<\/a>. So we need to understand how body size and brain size have evolved together to say anything meaningful about how variation in brain size developed.<\/p>\n

This is what our recent study tried to do. We applied powerful\u00a0computational analysis<\/a>\u00a0to a dataset spanning over 1,500 species of mammal and their brain sizes. We asked how has the size of brains evolved in relation to the size of the animal?<\/p>\n

Our results revealed a surprisingly simple pattern of evolutionary change between brain and body size. We found that the relationship between brain and body size is not linear,\u00a0as previously assumed<\/a>, but curved. It plateaus once body size reaches a certain threshold.<\/p>\n

Previously, researchers had scratched their heads over the\u00a0great variability<\/a>\u00a0in the brain and body size relationship. For example, the relationship appeared much steeper in some groups of animals than others (such as elephants and their cousins in purple compared with primates in pink).<\/p>\n

The relationship between brain and body size is\u00a0less strong<\/a>\u00a0among species of the same family (such as the ape family Hominidae, or the dog and wolf family Canidae) than it is among species of the same order (for example primates or carnivores).<\/p>\n

We took another look at the data to investigate why brain size diminishes in some big animals. In our paper, we demonstrated \u2013 to our surprise \u2013 that this constraint is not explained by the high energy cost of maintaining a large brain. (About 20%<\/a>\u00a0of all energetic expenditure in humans is dedicated to the brain.) Nor is it linked to neuron density, which may allow enhanced processing power without the need for a bigger brain.<\/p>\n

So, the processes behind this aspect of our findings remain a mystery \u2013 for now.<\/p>\n

However, our study allowed us to which identify mammal species are outliers to the brain-body size relationship. To do this, we\u00a0used an analysis method<\/a>\u00a0that identified species and lineages in which there have been intensely rapid changes in brain size.<\/p>\n

Among these rapidly evolving lineages is our own species,\u00a0Homo sapiens<\/em>. We found that our large brains developed at a rate of evolution more than 20 times faster than the average rate of all other mammal species, resulting in the massive brains that characterise humanity today.<\/p>\n

The fact that humans are outliers to a mammal-wide pattern fits with our ability to use tools, build houses, make music and live in complex societies. But humans are not the only species to stray from the curve.<\/p>\n

We found many species throughout the mammalian tree of life which have rapidly increased their brain size (relative to their body size), including several species noted for their keen intelligence such as rats, bears, dolphins and elephants. But also others like wallabies, marmots and quolls.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”29799″ img_size=”large”][vc_column_text]Conversely, we observed a massive acceleration in rate towards smaller brain sizes when bats first evolved. But brain size has evolved minimally and slowly over the following 50 million years or so of their evolution. This could indicate some sort of constraint acting on brain size in bats, perhaps imposed by flight.<\/p>\n

We found rapid bursts of change in the relative size of an animal\u2019s brain most frequently in carnivores, rodents and primates. In these three groups, these rapid changes almost always result in proportionally larger brains.<\/p>\n

This principle, known as the\u00a0Marsh-Lartet<\/a>\u00a0rule, would suggest that relative brain size tends to increase over time in mammal evolution. But our models suggest that this is not a universal phenomenon observed across all species.<\/p>\n

The three mammal groups where the trend does apply have profoundly diverse behaviour and ecology even among close relatives (for example pandas and grizzly bears, or porcupines and guinea pigs). They include some of the most social animals such as humans, mole-rats and meerkats.<\/p>\n

Primate brain size has always been growing. The earliest primates had brains\u00a0about 0.5% of their body size<\/a>. Eventually, increasing brain size eventually culminated in our own large brains (about 2% of our body size).<\/p>\n

Our data shows that sometimes it really is a simple explanation that can explain the complexities observed in nature. However, natural selection is inherently complex. Like any rule, the curved relationship between brain and body size has been repeatedly broken by animals who have evolved ahead of the curve.<\/p>\n

Joanna Baker is Postdoctoral Researcher in Evolutionary Biology, University of Reading.<\/p>\n

Robert Barton is Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology, Durham University.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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