{"id":29895,"date":"2024-08-16T15:00:51","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T14:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=29895"},"modified":"2024-08-16T17:29:48","modified_gmt":"2024-08-16T16:29:48","slug":"13-month-streak-of-record-heat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/","title":{"rendered":"Earth has just ended a 13-month streak of record heat \u2013 here\u2019s what to expect\u00a0next"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A 13-month streak of record-breaking global warmth <a href=\"https:\/\/climate.copernicus.eu\/july-was-second-warmest-record-ending-record-breaking-13-month-streak\">has ended<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>From June 2023 until June 2024, air and ocean surface water temperatures averaged a quarter of a degree Celsius higher than records set only a few years previously. Air temperatures in July 2024 were slightly cooler than the previous July (0.04\u00b0C, the narrowest of margins) according to the EU\u2019s Copernicus Climate Change Service.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;29897&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]July 2023 was in turn 0.28\u00b0C warmer than the previous record-hot July in 2019, so the remarkable jump in temperature during the past year has yet to ease off completely. The warmest global air temperature recorded was in December 2023, at 1.78\u00b0C above the pre-industrial average temperature for December \u2013 and 0.31\u00b0C warmer than the previous record.<\/p>\n<p>Global warming has consistently toppled records for warm global average temperatures in recent decades, but breaking them by as much as a quarter of a degree for several months is not common. The end of this streak does not diminish the mounting threat of climate change.<\/p>\n<p>So what caused these record temperatures? Several factors came together, but the biggest and most important is climate change, largely caused by burning fossil fuels.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What caused the heat streak<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Temperatures typical of Earth 150 years ago are used for comparison to measure modern global warming. The reference period, 1850\u20131900, was before most greenhouse gases associated with global industrialisation \u2013 which increase the heat present in Earth\u2019s ocean and atmosphere \u2013 had been emitted.<\/p>\n<p>July 2024 was 1.48\u00b0C warmer than a typical pre-industrial July, of which about 1.3\u00b0C is attributable to the general trend of global warming over the intervening decades. This trend will continue to raise temperatures until humanity stabilises the climate by keeping fossil fuels in the ground where they belong.<\/p>\n<p>But global warming doesn\u2019t happen in a smooth progression. Like UK house prices, the general trend is up, but there are ups and downs along the way.<\/p>\n<p>Behind much of the ups and downs is the El Ni\u00f1o phenomenon. An El Ni\u00f1o event is a reorganisation of the water across the vast reaches of the Pacific Ocean. El Ni\u00f1o is so important to the workings of worldwide weather as it increases the temperature of the air on average across all of Earth\u2019s surface, not only over the Pacific. Between El Ni\u00f1o events, conditions may be neutral or in an opposite state called La Ni\u00f1a that tends to cool global temperatures. The oscillation between these extremes is irregular, and El Ni\u00f1o conditions tend to recur after three to seven years.<\/p>\n<p>The warm El Ni\u00f1o phase of this cycle began to kick in a year ago, reached its peak around the end of 2023 and is now trending neutral, which is why the record-breaking streak has ended.<\/p>\n<p>The 2023\/2024 El Ni\u00f1o was strong, but it wasn\u2019t super-strong. It doesn\u2019t fully explain the remarkable degree to which the past year broke temperature records. The exact influence of other factors has yet to be fully untangled.<\/p>\n<p>We know there is a small positive contribution from the Sun, which is in a phase of its 11-year sunspot cycle in which it radiates fractionally more energy to the Earth.<\/p>\n<p>Methane (also a byproduct of the fossil fuel industry, alongside cattle and wetlands) is another important greenhouse gas and its concentration in the air has risen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-methane-tracker-2024\/understanding-methane-emissions\">more rapidly<\/a> in the past decade than over the previous decade.<\/p>\n<p>Scientists are also assessing how much measures to clean up air pollution might be adding to warming, since certain particulate air pollutants can reflect sunlight and influence the formation of clouds.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>A temperature ratchet<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Across the global ocean, 2023 was a devastating summer for coral reefs and surrounding ecosystems in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/news-release\/noaa-confirms-4th-global-coral-bleaching-event\">the Caribbean<\/a> and beyond. This was followed by heavy bleaching across the Great Barrier Reef off Australia during the southern hemisphere summer. While it is El Ni\u00f1o years that tend to see mass mortality events on reefs around the world, it is the underlying climate change trend that is the long-term threat, as corals are struggling to adapt to rising temperature extremes.<\/p>\n<p>As the Pacific Ocean is now likely to revert towards La Ni\u00f1a conditions, global temperatures will continue to ease back, but probably not to the levels seen prior to 2023\/24.<\/p>\n<p>El Ni\u00f1o acts a bit like a ratchet on global warming. A big El Ni\u00f1o event breaks new records and establishes a new, higher norm for global temperatures. That new normal reflects the underlying global warming trend.<\/p>\n<p>A plausible scenario is that global temperatures will fluctuate near the 1.4\u00b0C level for several years, until the next big El Ni\u00f1o event pushes the world above 1.5\u00b0C of warming, perhaps in the early 2030s.<\/p>\n<p>The Paris agreement on climate change committed the world to make every effort to limit global warming to 1.5\u00b0C, because the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/\">impacts of climate change<\/a> are expected to accelerate beyond that level.<\/p>\n<p>The good news is that the shift away from fossil fuels has started in sectors such as electricity generation, where renewable energy meets a growing share of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/electricity#tracking\">rising demand<\/a>. But the transition is not happening fast enough, by a large margin. Meeting climate targets is not compatible with fully exploiting existing fossil-fuel infrastructure, yet new investment in oil rigs and gas fields continues.<\/p>\n<p>Headlines about record breaking global temperatures will probably return. But they need not do so forever. There are many options for accelerating the transition to a decarbonised economy, and it is increasingly urgent that these are pursued.<\/p>\n<p>Christopher Merchant is Professor of Ocean and Earth Observation at the University of Reading<\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/earth-has-just-ended-a-13-month-streak-of-record-heat-heres-what-to-expect-next-236655\">original article<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A 13-month streak of record-breaking global warmth has ended. From June 2023 until June 2024, air and ocean surface water temperatures averaged a quarter of a degree Celsius higher than&#8230;<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#45;&#98;&#108;&#111;&#103;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#50;&#52;&#47;&#48;&#56;&#47;&#49;&#54;&#47;&#49;&#51;&#45;&#109;&#111;&#110;&#116;&#104;&#45;&#115;&#116;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#107;&#45;&#111;&#102;&#45;&#114;&#101;&#99;&#111;&#114;&#100;&#45;&#104;&#101;&#97;&#116;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":969,"featured_media":29897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[189,304,404,432,515,578,2708,2709,2707],"class_list":["post-29895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-climate-change","tag-el-nino","tag-global-warming","tag-heatwave","tag-la-nina","tag-meteorology-2","tag-ocean","tag-paris-agreement-agreement","tag-weather-systems"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Earth has just ended a 13-month streak of record heat \u2013 here\u2019s what to expect\u00a0next - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Earth has just ended a 13-month streak of record heat \u2013 here\u2019s what to expect\u00a0next - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A 13-month streak of record-breaking global warmth has ended. From June 2023 until June 2024, air and ocean surface water temperatures averaged a quarter of a degree Celsius higher than...Read More &gt;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-16T14:00:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-16T16:29:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2024\/08\/Extreme_heat_warning_sign_9280.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"347\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Conor Byrne\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Conor Byrne\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Conor Byrne\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0f3f2225d484dd8910ebd7758671acbf\"},\"headline\":\"Earth has just ended a 13-month streak of record heat \u2013 here\u2019s what to expect\u00a0next\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-16T14:00:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-08-16T16:29:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/\"},\"wordCount\":983,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"climate change\",\"el nino\",\"global warming\",\"heatwave\",\"La Nina\",\"meteorology\",\"ocean\",\"Paris agreement agreement\",\"weather systems\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Environment\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2024\/08\/16\/13-month-streak-of-record-heat\/\",\"name\":\"Earth has just ended a 13-month streak of record heat \u2013 here\u2019s what to expect\u00a0next - 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