{"id":31892,"date":"2025-10-30T15:00:53","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T15:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=31892"},"modified":"2025-10-30T14:53:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T14:53:53","slug":"hurricane-melissa-is-a-warning-why-violent-storms-are-increasingly-catching-the-world-off-guard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2025\/10\/30\/hurricane-melissa-is-a-warning-why-violent-storms-are-increasingly-catching-the-world-off-guard\/","title":{"rendered":"Hurricane Melissa is a warning \u2013 why violent storms are increasingly catching the world off guard"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”31899″ img_size=”1600×900″ add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Hurricane Melissa is tearing through the Caribbean, bringing record-breaking wind and torrential rain to Jamaica \u2013 the island\u2019s first ever category 5 landfall. What makes Melissa so alarming isn\u2019t just its size and strength, but the speed with which it became so powerful. In a single day, it exploded from a moderate storm into a major hurricane with 170mph winds.<\/p>\n

Scientists call this \u201crapid intensification\u201d<\/a>. As the planet warms, this violent strengthening is becoming more common. These storms are especially dangerous as they often catch people off guard. That\u2019s because forecasting rapid intensification, although improving, remains a huge challenge<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Better forecasting will depend on more detailed monitoring of a hurricane\u2019s inner core \u2013 especially close to the eyewall, where the strongest winds occur \u2013 and on higher-resolution computer models that can better capture a storm\u2019s complex structure<\/a>. New machine learning (AI) techniques may help<\/a> but are largely untested.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”31895″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

As things stand, rapidly intensifying storms mean that communities are often provided little warning to evacuate, and government agencies may have little time to make preparations, such as opening evacuation shelters or preparing critical infrastructure.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s what happened with Hurricane Otis<\/a> in Mexico in 2023 and Typhoon Rai in the Philippines in 2021. Both rapidly intensified shortly before landfall, and hundreds of people died because they were unable to reach safety.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, the chance of Melissa reaching a category 5 hurricane was forecast sometime before it made landfall, helped by the storm moving very slowly towards Jamaica.<\/p>\n

Perfect storms<\/h2>\n

A particular set of conditions are required to fuel rapid intensification: high humidity in the atmosphere, low wind shear (the change in wind speed with height), and warm sea-surface temperatures. Recent research<\/a> suggests that since the early 1980s, warmer seas and a more moist atmosphere means these conditions are becoming more common. These trends can\u2019t be explained by natural variability. It seems human-caused climate change is significantly increasing the probability of rapid intensification.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

In the case of Melissa, the fingerprints of climate change are visible on many of the factors that made it such a devastating storm. Sea-surface temperatures in the region are currently more than a degree above normal \u2013 conditions that may be 500 to 800 times more likely due to climate change<\/a>. Warmer seas provide extra energy for a storm\u2019s intensification. Rising sea levels also mean storm surges and coastal flooding are more severe.<\/p>\n

Scientists are confident that rainfall is increasing as a result of climate change, because a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture, a trend evident in the North Atlantic<\/a>. Melissa is travelling slowly, which leads to higher rainfall totals over land. Forecasts predicted mountainous regions of Jamaica could receive up to a metre of rainfall<\/a>, raising the risk of severe flooding and landslides.<\/p>\n

Some studies<\/a> even suggest climate change is slowing down the speed of cyclones themselves (the rate at which the whole storm moves). This would mean they linger over land and dump more rain. Simulations<\/a> by a colleague of ours at the University of Reading confirmed that past hurricanes striking Jamaica would produce more rainfall in today\u2019s warmer climate.<\/p>\n

The growing tendency for storms to rapidly intensify is helping more of them to reach the strongest categories, and that can be deadly when this surge in strength is not well forecasted. As the planet warms, this risk will only grow. That makes it crucial for scientists to improve hurricane monitoring and forecast models, as well as for emergency responders to prepare for the scenario of an intense hurricane arriving with little time to prepare.<\/p>\n

Hurricane Melissa has brought the risks into sharp focus: storms are intensifying faster, hitting harder and giving people less time to escape.<\/p>\n

\n

\"The<\/p>\n

\n

Alexander Baker<\/a>, Research Scientist, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading<\/a><\/em> and Liz Stephens<\/a>, Professor of Climate Risks and Resilience, University of Reading<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”31899″ img_size=”1600×900″ add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Hurricane Melissa is tearing through the Caribbean, bringing record-breaking wind and torrential rain to Jamaica \u2013 the island\u2019s first ever category 5 landfall. What makes Melissa…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":969,"featured_media":31894,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[89,189,2866,2077,2078,941],"class_list":["post-31892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-atmospheric-science","tag-climate-change","tag-hurricane-melissa","tag-hurricanes","tag-national-centre-for-atmospheric-science","tag-weather"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHurricane Melissa is a warning \u2013 why violent storms are increasingly catching the world off guard - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The River Wye used to be full of wild salmon. 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