{"id":32196,"date":"2025-12-22T09:50:53","date_gmt":"2025-12-22T09:50:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/?p=32196"},"modified":"2025-12-22T09:51:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-22T09:51:24","slug":"32196","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2025\/12\/22\/32196\/","title":{"rendered":"Saturn\u2019s icy moon Enceladus is an attractive target in the search for life \u2013 new research"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”32197″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A small, icy moon of Saturn called Enceladus is one of the prime targets in the search for life elsewhere in the solar system. A new study strengthens the case for Enceladus being a habitable world.<\/p>\n

The data for those\u00a0new research findings<\/a>\u00a0comes from the Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004-2017. In 2005, Cassini discovered geyser-like plumes of water vapour and ice grains erupting continuously out of cracks in Enceladus\u2019 icy shell.<\/p>\n

In the latest study, Nozair Khawaja, from the Free University of Berlin, and his team set out\u00a0to re-analyse a Cassini sample<\/a>\u00a0of material from Enceladus\u2019 south pole.<\/p>\n

Most analyses of solid particles from Enceladus\u2019 plumes had been done on Saturn\u2019s E-ring. The E-ring is an outer diffuse ring in the majestic ring system that surrounds the planet. It is continuously replenished with material from Enceladus\u2019 plumes. But this material is not fresh \u2013 and exposure to radiation in space can alter its characteristics.<\/p>\n

The younger material analysed by Khawaja and colleagues was sampled by Cassini during a particularly fast flyby over Enceladus\u2019 south pole. The use of freshly ejected plume material guaranteed the removal of any possible interference from radiation.<\/p>\n

So what do these and other analyses of plume samples tell us about Enceladus? Early Cassini samples were found to contain\u00a0sodium salts<\/a>, suggesting the plumes are fed by an underground liquid water ocean in contact with a rocky bottom. Later observations of Enceladus\u2019 \u201cwobble\u201d (slight shifts in its rotation) relative to Saturn demonstrated that its icy exterior shell is probably completely detached from the rocky core below.<\/p>\n

This means that Enceladus\u2019 underground ocean (sandwiched between the ice and rock)\u00a0is global<\/a>, extending across the entire moon. The ocean is likely sustained by tidal flexing, where the varying gravitational tug of Saturn on Enceladus stretches and squeezes it, causing Enceladus to heat up and preventing the ocean from freezing and preventing the ocean from freezing.<\/p>\n

The ability to (albeit, indirectly) sample the ocean has permitted a more comprehensive investigation of Enceladus\u2019 habitability \u2013 that is, whether Enceladus contains the necessary ingredients for life as we know it (namely a suitable energy source and mix of chemical elements).<\/p>\n

Sampling the plumes<\/h2>\n

Analysis of Cassini\u2019s plume samples was made possible by a technique called \u201cmass spectrometry\u201d. The process began with the high velocity impact between Cassini (flying at speeds of kilometres per second) and the solid plume material it collected.<\/p>\n

This broke up the material smaller, charged fragments. After impact, an instrument exposed the fragments to an electric field which moved them towards a detector.<\/p>\n

The timing of impact of the chemical fragments with the detector was then used to determine their mass and charge. Scientists could then \u201cpiece the jigsaw\u201d back together to figure out the identity of the molecules that the fragments once formed.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”32201″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]When attempting to determine habitability, there are certain molecules to look out for in the data. Organics are simply molecules that contain carbon. Because life on Earth is fundamentally carbon-based, detecting carbon-bearing molecules of any form is a good start.<\/p>\n

Organics have been detected with confidence in plume material, including\u00a0\u201camines\u201d<\/a>, which can be precursors to amino acids (which in turn, can be precursors to proteins). Much larger\u00a0\u201cmacromolecules\u201d<\/a>\u00a0have also been seen. But their exact identity is currently uncertain owing to the limitations of the Cassini instrumentation.<\/p>\n

Carbon is one of the \u201cCHNOPS\u201d elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur) which form the majority of atoms within living organisms on Earth. Apart from sulphur, these have all been\u00a0detected<\/a>\u00a0with confidence in plume material.<\/p>\n

Mass spectrometry can also indicate the types of energy sources available within an ocean. Photosynthesis, the primary energy source for life on Earth, is unlikely to be viable within Enceladus because its ocean is buried under kilometres of ice. Photosynthesis requires light and the ocean is almost certainly dark.<\/p>\n

Luckily, there are other ways that life can extract energy from its environment. In the late 1970s, vast ecosystems were discovered at Earth\u2019s ocean depths, around hydrothermal vents \u2013 fissures on the ocean floor from which hot water rich in minerals emerges.<\/p>\n

The microbes surviving around hydrothermal vents are forms of \u201cchemosynthetic\u201d life. They use the various substances found in hydrothermal waters to perform chemical reactions to get the energy they need.<\/p>\n

It appears that ingredients for some chemosynthetic pathways such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen are available in sufficient quantities within Enceladus\u2019 ocean to theoretically make it a viable energy source.<\/p>\n

In fact, the amount of hydrogen in plume material is so large that it would require a present-day source in Enceladus\u2019 ocean to explain it,\u00a0most likely hydrothermal vents<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Recent study<\/h2>\n

Of course, we need to be careful in using plume material to infer what is inside the ocean. Processes during the formation of the plume (as it travels through the ice into space), may either dilute or concentrate certain substances. The harsh radiation could also cause chemicals within the plumes to react, leaving the material unrepresentative of the ocean it came from.<\/p>\n

By analysing the freshly ejected plume material, the latest study removes that problem. Owing to the higher speed, samples obtained during this flyby should have fragmented in a way that would allow more types of molecules to become visible in the data.<\/p>\n

And the samples collected did include new substances, as well as some that were already known, confirming that they came from within Enceladus, not from radiative alteration. Some of the newly detected substances further hint at a hydrothermal origin.<\/p>\n

With knowledge of Enceladus\u2019 potential habitability, the European Space Agency is planning a mission,\u00a0launching in the 2040s<\/a>, that will perform flybys of Enceladus, and possibly even orbit and land on its surface.<\/p>\n

With an upgraded suite of instruments, the mission will aim to look for evidence of life within plume material. If life resides around hydrothermal systems at Enceladus\u2019 depths, its journey to the ocean top and out into space\u00a0may be long and arduous<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yet\u00a0recent work<\/a>\u00a0by Fabian Klenner from the University of Washington and colleagues, showed that even a single bacterial cell within an ice grain could be detectable via mass spectrometry. Thus the hope remains that if life resides within Enceladus, the evidence of it may be floating in space waiting for us to come and see it.<\/p>\n

Flynn Ames<\/a>, PhD candidate, Meteorology,\u00a0University of Reading.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license. Read the\u00a0original article<\/a>.<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”32197″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A small, icy moon of Saturn called Enceladus is one of the prime targets in the search for life elsewhere in the solar system. A new study…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1000,"featured_media":32197,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2890,2889,2277,2547,2888],"class_list":["post-32196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-cassini","tag-earth-observation-and-space","tag-feature","tag-nasa","tag-saturn"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSaturn\u2019s icy moon Enceladus is an attractive target in the search for life \u2013 new research - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2025\/12\/22\/32196\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Saturn\u2019s icy moon Enceladus is an attractive target in the search for life \u2013 new research - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”32197″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A small, icy moon of Saturn called Enceladus is one of the prime targets in the search for life elsewhere in the solar system. 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