{"id":3438,"date":"2012-04-25T13:21:51","date_gmt":"2012-04-25T13:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/the-forum\/?p=159"},"modified":"2023-02-23T16:33:34","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T16:33:34","slug":"the-good-in-bad-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2012\/04\/25\/the-good-in-bad-science\/","title":{"rendered":"The good in \u2018bad science\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Dr David Stack is a Reader in History who believes strongly in the need to promote interdisciplinary understanding and public engagement with history. His research interests include the inter-relationship of ideas (especially \u2018scientific\u2019 and medical ideas) and politics in the history of Britain and beyond, and Victorian autobiographies and their authors.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>David will be presenting at the \u2018Cultivating common ground: biology and the humanities\u2019, an AHRC-funded workshop that will be held at the University of Reading, 18 July 2012. For more information follow the link: <\/strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/reading.ac.uk\/cultivating-common-ground\/\">http:\/\/reading.ac.uk\/cultivating-common-ground\/<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For many years I was reluctant to admit to strangers that I was a historian. This made getting a haircut a frequent source of torment: \u201cNot working today?\u201d the barber would ask. \u201cNo,\u201d I\u2019d reply in the forlorn hope of closing down the conversation. \u201cWhat do you do then?\u201d [Pause] \u201cErm \u2026\u201d. At this point, if feeling particularly adventurous, I\u2019d \u2018borrow\u2019 an occupation from a friend or relation. The tangled web that ensued, however, was never, as Walter Scott warned, worth the trouble. (I still have nightmares about the time I found myself in a shop basement staring at an electricity meter and intoning, with as much authority as I could muster: \u201cYes, that\u2019s working perfectly.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2012\/04\/phrenology.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-160\" src=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2012\/04\/phrenology.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"162\" height=\"222\" \/><\/a>An honest answer, however, often brought its own difficulties, especially if someone asked what the book I was working on was about. For a few years the simplest answer to this question was \u2018phrenology\u2019. Most people understood the term \u2013 \u201cBumps on the head, isn\u2019t it?\u201d \u2013 but few could fathom why anyone would spend their time researching it. \u201cSo, is there any truth in it?\u201d I was asked on more than one occasion (and not just by barbers, who might be expected to have had a better idea than most).<\/p>\n<p>Implicit in the question, I\u2019ve always felt, was a dual assumption: that the world (and the past) is neatly divided into the \u2018true\u2019 and \u2018untrue\u2019, and that the latter is useless and thus not worth bothering with. If one holds to this view, that \u2018truth\u2019 and \u2018utility\u2019 are the only guides to what is worth studying, historians really should be embarrassed about avowing their vocation, and not only to barbers but more especially to university administrators and government ministers (in the unlikely event that they deign to ask). For one of the key tasks of historians, and historians of science more than most, is precisely the study of what is \u2018wrong\u2019 and \u2018useless\u2019. Just after the Second World War the medical historian Walter Pagel (1898-1983), published a short manifesto for this activity. He called it \u2018the vindication of rubbish\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Pagel\u2019s approach was the antithesis of what we might call popular histories of science. In these accounts, often written by scientists themselves, knowledge is marching ever onwards in a straight line, with each generation (to mix our metaphors) standing on the shoulders of earlier giants, in their progress towards a more truthful understanding. Oddities, such as phrenology, take their place in such accounts, but only as party-pieces to be laughed at and thus confirm our own superior understanding. Pagel, by contrast, coined his phrase while exploring the relationship between alchemy and naturalism in the Renaissance. Rather than dismiss such \u2018non-progressive\u2019 elements in the history of science, Pagel argued that an understanding of alchemy and magic was essential to understanding Renaissance medicine and chemistry.<\/p>\n<p>The justification for studying phrenology was slightly different. What interested me (and earlier historians) was the manner in which phrenology\u2019s model of the brain \u2013 especially the notion of cognitive localization \u2013 mapped onto broader social and economic changes in Victorian society, and how this related to its success and popularity. In part, what we argued was that phrenology is a good example of how the success of a science is determined less by its inherent (or ahistorical) \u2018truth\u2019, and more by its explanatory power in a definite set of social relations. Phrenology\u2019s theory of the brain, and thus human nature, that is, was popular because it was compatible with the new industrial capitalist economy and the values of free market economics. A study of phrenology, therefore, both aids our understanding of Victorian Britain and provides a historical perspective through which to view contemporary claims about the modularity of the mind, in neuroethics and brain imaging, which have been labelled the \u2018new phrenology\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Underlying my work, and that of other historians of science, are two assumptions that, I suspect, practising scientists will find uncomfortable. The first is that the distinction between \u2018science\u2019 and \u2018pseudo-science\u2019, associated with the philosopher Karl Popper, is unhelpful and invalid. Alchemy, phrenology, magic, and a host of other oddities all deserve to be taken seriously in the history of science. Second, that the \u2018realist\u2019 assumption that we should unquestioningly accept today\u2019s science as \u2018objective\u2019 and \u2018true\u2019 is unsustainable in the face of historical evidence. There are so many cases of theories that were empirically successful in their own day but are now believed false \u2013 one historian (Larry Laudan) listed 30 in a range of different disciplines and eras \u2013 that there seem good grounds for assuming the historical contingency of any scientific \u2018truth\u2019. The atomic theory of matter, after all, could go the same way as phlogiston (the non-existent chemical thought to be released during combustion, prior to the discovery of oxygen) theory.<\/p>\n<p>These, I concede, are difficult and contentious topics that cut to the heart of both the self-image of science and the work of humanities scholars. They are not, perhaps, suitable topics for the barber\u2019s chair but they will, I hope, form part of our discussions at the <em>Cultivating Common Ground<\/em> workshop. And if biologists prove no more receptive to my ideas than barbers, I am well practised in steering the conversation around to where I\u2019m planning to spend my holidays.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/history\">http:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/history<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr David Stack is a Reader in History who believes strongly in the need to promote interdisciplinary understanding and public engagement with history. His research interests include the inter-relationship of&#8230;<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"&#104;&#116;&#116;&#112;&#115;&#58;&#47;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#105;&#110;&#103;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#117;&#107;&#47;&#114;&#101;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#99;&#104;&#45;&#98;&#108;&#111;&#103;&#47;&#50;&#48;&#49;&#50;&#47;&#48;&#52;&#47;&#50;&#53;&#47;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#45;&#103;&#111;&#111;&#100;&#45;&#105;&#110;&#45;&#98;&#97;&#100;&#45;&#115;&#99;&#105;&#101;&#110;&#99;&#101;&#47;\">Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[441,443,680],"class_list":["post-3438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-heritage-creativity","tag-history","tag-history-of-science","tag-phrenology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The good in \u2018bad science\u2019 - Connecting Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2012\/04\/25\/the-good-in-bad-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The good in \u2018bad science\u2019 - Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr David Stack is a Reader in History who believes strongly in the need to promote interdisciplinary understanding and public engagement with history. His research interests include the inter-relationship of...Read More &gt;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2012\/04\/25\/the-good-in-bad-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connecting Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theuniversityofreading\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-04-25T13:21:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-23T16:33:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/72\/2012\/04\/phrenology.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Martin Watts\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@UniRdg_Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Martin Watts\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2012\/04\/25\/the-good-in-bad-science\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2012\/04\/25\/the-good-in-bad-science\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Martin Watts\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#\/schema\/person\/7db63d5a455bb6b8a1655df56c4e6b0f\"},\"headline\":\"The good in \u2018bad science\u2019\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-04-25T13:21:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-23T16:33:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2012\/04\/25\/the-good-in-bad-science\/\"},\"wordCount\":979,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"history\",\"history of science\",\"phrenology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Heritage &amp; 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