{"id":721,"date":"2017-03-17T08:54:55","date_gmt":"2017-03-17T08:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.reading.ac.uk\/the-forum\/?p=721"},"modified":"2017-03-17T08:54:55","modified_gmt":"2017-03-17T08:54:55","slug":"will-the-little-boy-of-the-pacific-bring-disaster-improving-el-nino-flood-forecasts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.reading.ac.uk\/research-blog\/2017\/03\/17\/will-the-little-boy-of-the-pacific-bring-disaster-improving-el-nino-flood-forecasts\/","title":{"rendered":"Will the \u2018little boy\u2019 of the Pacific bring disaster? Improving El Ni\u00f1o flood forecasts"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Rebecca Emerton<\/a>, Water@Reading research group<\/strong><\/p>\n

When an El Ni\u00f1o is declared, or even forecast, we think back to memorable past El Ni\u00f1os (such as 1997\/98), and begin to ask whether we will see the same impacts. Will California receive a lot of rainfall? Will we see droughts in tropical Asia and Australia? Will Peru experience the same devastating floods as in 1997\/98, and 1982\/83?\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a, which see changes in the ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, are well known to affect weather, and indeed river flow and flooding, around the globe. But how well can we estimate the potential impacts of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a, and how likely flooding is to occur?<\/p>\n

This question is what some of us in the Water@Reading research group at the University of Reading have been looking to answer in our recent publication in Nature Communications<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

As part of our multi- and inter-disciplinary research, we work closely with the Red Cross \/ Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC), who are working on an initiative called Forecast-based Financing (FbF, Coughlan de Perez et al.).<\/a> FbF aims to distribute aid (for example providing water purification tablets to prevent spread of disease, or digging trenches to divert flood water) ahead of a flood, based on forecasts. This approach helps to reduce the impact of the flood in the first place, rather than working to undo the damage once the flood has already occurred.<\/p>\n

In Peru, previous strong El Ni\u00f1os in 1982\/83 and 1997\/98 had resulted in devastating floods in several regions. As such, when forecasts in early 2015 began to indicate a very strong El Ni\u00f1o was developing, the RCCC and forecasters at the Peruvian national hydrological and meteorology agency (SENAMHI) began to look into the likelihood of flooding, and what FbF actions might need to be taken.<\/p>\n

Typically, statistical products indicating the historical probability (likelihood [%] based on what happened during past El Ni\u00f1os) of extreme precipitation are used as a proxy for whether a region will experience flooding during an El Ni\u00f1o (or La Ni\u00f1a), such as these maps<\/a> produced by the IRI (International Research Institute for Climate and Society). You may also have seen maps which circle regions of the globe that will be drier \/ warmer \/ wetter \/ cooler – we\u2019ll come back to these shortly.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>These rainfall maps show that Peru, alongside several other regions of the world, is likely to more rainfall than usual during an El Ni\u00f1o. But does this necessarily mean there will be floods? And what products are out there indicating the effect of El Ni\u00f1o on rivers across the globe?<\/p>\n

For organisations working at the global scale, such as the RCCC and other humanitarian aid agencies, global overviews of potential impacts are key in taking decisions on where to focus resources during an El Ni\u00f1o or La Ni\u00f1a. While these maps are useful for looking at the likely changes in precipitation, it has been shown that the link between precipitation and flood magnitude is nonlinear (Stephens et al.<\/a>), \u00a0– more rain does not necessarily equal floods – so how does this transfer to the potential for flooding?<\/p>\n

The motivation behind this work was to provide similar information, but taking into account the hydrology as well as the meteorology. We wanted to answer the question \u201cwhat is the probability of flooding during El Ni\u00f1o?\u201d not only for Peru, but for the global river network.<\/p>\n

To do this, we have taken the new ECMWF ERA-20CM ensemble model reconstruction of the atmosphere, and run this through a hydrological model to produce the first 20th<\/sup> century global hydrological reconstruction of river flow. Using this new dataset, we have for the first time estimated the historical probability of increased or decreased flood hazard during an El Ni\u00f1o (or La Ni\u00f1a), for the global river network.<\/p>\n

The question – \u201cwhat is the probability of flooding during El Ni\u00f1o?\u201d<\/em>, however, remains difficult to answer. We now have maps of the probability of abnormally high or low river flow, and we see clear differences between the hydrological analysis and precipitation. It is also evident that the probabilities themselves are often lower, and much more uncertain, than might be useful – how do you make a decision on whether to provide aid to an area worried about flooding, when the probability of that flooding is 50%?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Fig 1: Probability of increased \/ decreased flood hazard map for February, with overlay showing the typical impact map for winter during an El Ni\u00f1o. This highlights the complexity of the link between El Ni\u00f1o and flooding compared to the information usually available<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The likely impacts are much more complex than is often perceived and reported – going back to the afore-mentioned maps that circle regions of the globe and what their impact will be (warmer, drier, wetter?) – these maps portray these impacts as a certainty, not a probability, with the same impacts occurring across huge areas. For example, in Figure 1, we take one of the maps from our results, which indicates the probability of increased or decreased flood hazard in one month during an El Ni\u00f1o, and draw over this these oft-seen circles of potential impacts. In doing this, we remove all information on how likely (or unlikely) the impacts are, smaller scale changes within these circles (in some cases our flood hazard map even indicates a different impact), and a lot of the potential impacts outside of these circles – not to mention the likely impacts can change dramatically from one month to the next. For those organisations that take actions based on such information, it is important to be aware of the uncertainties surrounding the likely impacts of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a.<\/p>\n

We conclude that while it may seem possible to use historical probabilities to evaluate regions across the globe that are more likely to be at risk of flooding during an El Ni\u00f1o \/ La Ni\u00f1a, and indeed circle large areas of the globe under one banner of wetter or drier, the reality is much more complex.<\/strong><\/p>\n

NOTE: During the winter of 2015\/16, our results estimated an ~80% likelihood of increased flood hazard in northern coastal Peru, with only ~10% uncertainty surrounding this. The RCCC took FbF actions to protect thousands of families from potentially devastating floods driven by one of the strongest El Ni\u00f1os on records (link). While flooding did occur, this was not as severe as expected based on the strength of the El Ni\u00f1o. And Peru wasn\u2019t the only place that didn\u2019t see the impacts it expected; other regions of the world, such as the US<\/a>, also saw more rainfall than normal in places that were expected to be drier, and California didn\u2019t receive the deluge they were perhaps hoping for. It\u2019s important to remember that no two El Ni\u00f1os are the same, and El Ni\u00f1o will not be the only influence on the weather around the globe. While El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a can provide some added predictability to the atmosphere, the impacts are far from certain.<\/p>\n

Pictures: Red Cross\/Red Crescent Climate Centre<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Rebecca Emerton, Water@Reading research group When an El Ni\u00f1o is declared, or even forecast, we think back to memorable past El Ni\u00f1os (such as 1997\/98), and begin to ask…Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"__cvm_playback_settings":[],"__cvm_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[251,272,304,372,384,515,670,746,767],"class_list":["post-721","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environment","tag-disaster","tag-drought","tag-el-nino","tag-flooding","tag-forecast","tag-la-nina","tag-peru","tag-red-cross","tag-risk"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWill the \u2018little boy\u2019 of the Pacific bring disaster? 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